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Prince Edward Island

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Prince Edward Island

By Dana Hall

Posted on April 19, 2021
Province of Prince Edward Island
Official Language: English
Age of Majority: 19
Legal Drinking Age: 18

Getting a Health Card

You are eligible for health coverage on the day you arrive in P.E.I. To register, you must be able to prove that you’ll live in P.E.I. for over six months of the year.

  • If you are a student, you can get health coverage if your study permit allows you to work off campus and if you are a full-time student. You will need to submit a letter of enrollment written by the Registrar’s Office. It must contain your full name, date of birth, and confirmation that you are a full-time student. Your health card will need to be renewed each year to ensure you still meet the criteria.
  • If you have a work permit, you can get health coverage as long as your permit is for more than six months. Depending on your application, you may be asked to provide confirmation of employment.

You can apply online or in person at PEI Medicare in Montague, Health PEI in Charlottetown, or an Access PEI centre. You will need to fill out this form and bring proofs of your right to live in P.E.I. and your address. If you apply online, you will need to upload copies of these documents to go with the online form.

Driving information

How to get a licence: The legal age to drive in P.E.I. is 16. To get your learner’s permit, you will need to book a knowledge test at an Access PEI centre. You will need to study the PEI Driver’s Handbook to prepare for it. You can take a practice test here.

You will need to bring proof of your right to live in P.E.I. and two proofs of address with you to the appointment. Examples of proof of address are bills or bank statements, government correspondence, rental or mortgage agreements, or a letter from your employer.

If you are under 16, you will also need to sign the consent form at the end of this document. A list of valid documents can be found here. If you pass your knowledge test, you will be granted your Instruction Driver’s Permit. This will allow you to drive with someone who has their full licence. You will be given a yellow “L” sticker to put on your window, so that other drivers know that you are learning how to drive. You will need to maintain a zero-alcohol level at all times while driving.

You need to have your Instruction Driver’s Permit for at least a year before you can take a road test. If you take a driver’s education program, then you can take the test after just nine months. If you do not take driver’s education, you will need to take a Novice Driver Course offered by Access PEI before you book your road test.

If you pass your road test, you will be granted a Class 5 Stage 2 licence. You will be given a yellow “G” sign which you must have on your dashboard when driving. To see the restrictions associated with Stage 2, please refer to the PEI Graduated Driver Licencing program. If you are caught breaking restrictions, you will receive a 30-day suspension. If you are caught a second time, the suspension will be for 90 days. Your licence will be at Stage 2 for one full year. After a year, it will automatically upgrade to a Stage 3 licence. If you are under 18, your licence will not be upgraded until your 18th birthday.

Your licence will be at Stage 3 for a year-long probationary period. You must maintain a zero blood alcohol level when driving, and you cannot use a cellphone while driving. If you receive a fine for either of these things, you will receive a 30-day suspension. If you are caught a second time, the suspension will be for 90 days. After a year, your licence will automatically become a full Class 5 licence.

You can view licence fees here.

How to transfer a driver’s licence: You can use a foreign driver’s licence for up to four months in P.E.I. After this, you will need to exchange it for a P.E.I. licence.

You will need to pass a vision test, knowledge test, and road test. You will need to bring your original photo driver’s licence, immigration documents indicating your right to live in Canada, and two proofs of address. If your licence or documents are not in French or English, you will also need to provide certified translations.

You can take the vision and knowledge tests by booking an appointment at an Access PEI location. You must complete the Novice Driver Course for Newcomers program before you book your road test.

If your country has an exchange agreement with P.E.I., you will not need to take a knowledge test or a road test. Countries with an exchange agreement are:

  • Australia
  • Austria
  • France
  • Germany
  • The Isle of Man
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Switzerland
  • Taiwan
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Prince Edward Island public school information

You will be able to send your child to either French or English school. The English school board is called the Public Schools Branch, and the French school board is called La Commission scolaire de langue français. If your child speaks English but you would like them to learn in French, you should register them for a French Immersion program offered by an English school. French immersion is a part of the English school system, and it is for children who do not speak French.

School in P.E.I. is mandatory from the age of five, which means that children must attend Kindergarten. These are the different levels of education in P.E.I:

  • Kindergarten: Age 5
  • Elementary school (Grades 1–6): Ages 6–11
  • Junior high school (Grades 7–9): Ages 12–14
  • High school (Grades 10-12): Ages 15–17

Your child’s grade is determined by the year they are born. For instance, everyone born in the year 2015 will go into Grade 1 in 2021. That’s because they will turn six in 2021.

The PEI Association for Newcomers to Canada is a good resource for information on how to register your child for school and what language courses are available in your area.

Information on homeschooling is available here.

A newcomer’s guide to pregnancy and early parenthood in Canada: Part two

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A newcomer’s guide to pregnancy and early parenthood in Canada: Part two

By Dara Poizner

Posted on April 19, 2021
childbirth
Click here to read part one of this article, which discusses healthcare services and prenatal health.

Childbirth

Many expectant parents come up with a birth plan before the child is due to be born. A birth plan is shared with your healthcare providers and describes your preferences for childbirth, including how the newborn will be cared for immediately after. Although not everything can be planned, making decisions in advance can relieve some of the anxiety surrounding a time that many people are nervous about.

In your birth plan, you can write about things like:

  • How you want to manage pain during labour and delivery
  • Who you want to be present during the birth
  • Your thoughts about medical intervention
  • Procedures you would like for the newborn baby

There are also a few options for where to give birth: in a hospital, at home, or in a birthing centre. The option that is best for you will depend on your medical needs and personal preferences, including which type of care provider will be delivering the baby (for example, doctors do not attend home births).

After the baby is born, you will need to register the birth in the province or territory they were born in to get a birth certificate.

Health after pregnancy and childbirth

For both the newborn child and the person who has given birth, there are specific health considerations you should discuss with your care provider. Important aspects of a child’s health include:

  • Infant nutrition. Many people breastfeed their babies, but there are other options if you cannot or do not want to do so.
  • Infant sleep. Newborns sleep most of the time, but for short periods. A baby’s sleep schedule will change with age.
  • Vaccination. Making sure your child is immunized according to schedule is the best way to protect them from several serious illnesses. See “A Parent’s Guide to Vaccination” from the Government of Canada website to learn more.

As a new parent, it is important to look after your own health as well as that of the child’s. Postpartum is the period after giving birth where the body adjusts to not being pregnant and recovers from pregnancy and childbirth. A healthcare provider can give you specific advice for how to care for your body during recovery, including letting you know when it is okay to get back to regular activities like exercise. According to HealthLinkBC, your body will likely feel sore for several days and very tired for several weeks after giving birth. Ways to care for yourself during this time include:

  • Trying to sleep when the baby does
  • Drinking extra fluids if you are breastfeeding
  • Getting support from people who can do chores or bring food for you
  • Getting out of the house for short periods of time

While having a baby can be an exciting and wonderful time, it is also normal to experience difficult emotions. After giving birth, many people deal with postpartum anxiety or depression.

For people who have been affected by pregnancy loss or infant death, there are supports available. This article from HuffPost Canada contains links to resources and provincial organizations that support people through the loss of a pregnancy or infant.

Parental leave

Working people who are pregnant, have just given birth, or are new parents may want to take time off from their jobs. This gives parents time to prepare for or recover from childbirth and spend time with the newborn.

In Canada, people with insurable employment can apply for maternity and parental benefits through the Employment Insurance (EI) program, which gives temporary financial help to unemployed workers.

  • Maternity benefits are available to someone who is pregnant or has recently given birth.
  • Parental benefits are available to parents of newborn or newly adopted children.
  • The person who has given birth may be eligible for both maternity and parental benefits.

Maternity benefits are available for a maximum of 15 weeks: they can start as early as 12 weeks before the birth is expected and end as late as 17 weeks after the actual birth.

There are two types of parental benefits to choose from: standard or extended. There are some differences depending on your circumstances, but generally:

  • With standard benefits, you can receive 55% of your average weekly earnings for up to 35 weeks.
  • With extended benefits, you can receive 33% of your average weekly earnings for up to 61 weeks.

In the past, childcare was considered as mainly a woman’s role, and only new mothers were expected to take time off work. Now, it is common for new fathers to take time off work as well. See this article from Dad Central to learn about the benefits of taking a paternity leave and how to plan for it.
newborn

Resources for newcomers

Best Start—a resource centre for pregnancy, new parenthood, and early childhood—has lots of general information for newcomers. There are resources available in multiple languages about many subjects including breastfeeding, drugs and alcohol, and child development.

The Interim Federal Health Program can provide temporary healthcare coverage for refugees.

The Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program funds community programs across the country to help vulnerable people with their pregnancies. The online directory provides a list of available programs, including some specifically for immigrants and newcomers.

A few regional and local resources

In Alberta:

  • Diversity Liaisons Program from Birth & Babies is an online resource by Alberta Health Services. The program provides community outreach and education to newcomers, including multilingual and plain English language resources.

In British Columbia:

In Toronto:

  • Healthy Babies Healthy Children is a program for new parents in Toronto facing challenges, including newcomers Canada.
  • Welcome to Parenting is an online educational program that teaches new parents about important topics and helps them connect with other new parents in Toronto.

There are also benefit programs for low-income households to offset the increased cost of food during pregnancy and/or infancy, including:

Note that this is not an exhaustive list of available resources and programs in Canada.

A newcomer’s guide to pregnancy and early parenthood in Canada: Part one

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A newcomer’s guide to pregnancy and early parenthood in Canada: Part one

By Dara Poizner

Posted on April 19, 2021
pregnant woman
Pregnancy and parenthood can be life-changing for anyone, but there are special considerations for newcomers.If you are new to Canada, you may find that the care and general practices surrounding pregnancy and childbirth are different from your country of origin.

This two-part article provides:

  • Information about healthcare and other services
  • An overview of some health factors relating to pregnancy, childbirth, and the time after
  • Information about taking parental leave from work
  • Links to resources for newcomers

Note that in Canada, you can legally and safely end a pregnancy if you do not want to carry to term. Abortion is publicly funded as a medical procedure under the Canada Health Act; however, access to abortion services may depend on certain factors, including where you live.

Healthcare services

Access to prenatal (during pregnancy/before birth) and postnatal (after birth) medical care is important for the health of the parent and the baby. Make an appointment with a healthcare provider if you plan to get pregnant or as soon as you find out you are pregnant.

Canada hasa a universal healthcare system with public provincial/territorial insurance plans available for citizens and permanent residents. See this article for general information about Canada’s healthcare system and this article to learn about applying for a health card in Canada.

Types of care providers

There are three main types of care providers for pregnancy and birth: doctors, obstetricians, and midwives. They often work together to care for patients. Depending on your preferences and health needs, you may work with one or more healthcare professionals. This Choosing a Care Provider Directory can help you locate care providers in your province or territory.

Most family doctors are skilled in dealing with reproductive and prenatal health, labour and birth, and postpartum and newborn care. If you have a regular doctor, they can provide primary care during planning and pregnancy and ongoing care for you and the child after the birth. Nurse practitioners sometimes provide prenatal care along with doctors.

Obstetricians (OBs) are medical doctors who specialize in pregnancy and birth. They are trained to manage more complicated or higher-risk pregnancies. They can also perform cesarean sections and emergency surgeries. As with other medical specialists, you need to be referred to an OB by a family doctor. If you do not have a family doctor and would like a referral to an OB, you can visit a doctor at a walk-in clinic.

Registered midwives are health professionals who provide primary care before, during, and after birth. They work with low-risk pregnancies and can perform physical exams, order medical tests, and support normal vaginal births. Regulated midwifery care is part of the healthcare system in most provinces and territories. You can contact a midwife without a referral.

With any type of care provider, you should feel like your needs are being met and that you are able to ask questions.Culturally appropriate care is important in a multicultural society like Canada. Many people seek out professionals who are sensitive to their cultural needs or can communicate with them in their native language if they do not speak English.

Community health centres

If you do not already have a family doctor or government health insurance, there are options including:

  • Purchasing a private insurance plan which can cover parts of the cost of medical services
  • Visiting a public health unit for support if there is one that serves your area
  • Visiting a community health centre

Community health centres (CHCs) are not-for-profit organizations that take a team approach to patient care and provide multiple services based on patient needs. Staff may include doctors, nurse practitioners, social workers, dietitians, specialists, and other health professionals. Generally, CHCs help people who do not have a family doctor or health insurance, newcomers to Canada, and those who face other barriers (e.g., language, culture, poverty, mental health issues). Many CHCs offer prenatal and parenting healthcare and education.

Community health centres are known by different names across Canada, but each province and territory should have some community health services available. Note: this is not meant to be a complete list of available community health services.

medical team

Other supports

Pregnancy and parenthood are often challenging times. As a pregnant individual or new parent, it is extremely helpful to have a support system in place. Building a support network may be more difficult for those who are new to a country and do not know a lot of people.

This guide for pregnant newcomers from the YMCA suggests finding resources in your community like prenatal exercise classes, new parent education programs, or cultural centres. There are many possible benefits such as learning important skills, maintaining your wellbeing, and meeting people in the area who may share some of your experiences. Some services are available for free or low-cost.

Prenatal health

There are many elements to prenatal health. If you are pregnant, see your healthcare provider(s) regularly to ensure you get the necessary medical care and specific guidance for taking care of yourself and the baby.

Testing

As part of your pregnancy, you will get routine tests, including (but not limited to):

Several factors will determine which tests are recommended for you and which you choose to get. Many people choose to do genetic testing and screening to check for certain conditions. Certain factors can increase the risk of a child being born with a genetic health condition. While the results are not always conclusive, genetic testing can help with planning.

In addition to medical care, having a healthy pregnancy requires you to monitor your lifestyle and general health more carefully. The Sensible Guide to Health Pregnancy from the Government of Canada outlines many lifestyle aspects of pregnancy, summarized below.

Nutrition

Getting all the necessary nutrients before conception and during pregnancy is important for the health of the developing baby and the parent. This involves eating a variety of foods including fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy or dairy alternatives, and meat or other proteins. At certain points in your pregnancy, you will also need extra calories to support the baby’s growth. During pregnancy you must avoid eating foods that may be contaminated by bacteria, such undercooked fish and meat.

For details, see Canada’s Food Guide’s recommendations for healthy eating when pregnant and breastfeeding.

Folic acid

Folic acid is a B vitamin that is necessary for the normal development of a baby’s spine, brain, and skull. Folic acid (called folate when it occurs naturally in foods) reduces the risk of neural tube defects, which occur when the neural tube does not close properly during the early weeks of pregnancy and can lead to stillbirth or disability.

If you plan to get pregnant, you should be taking supplements and including enough folate in your diet beforehand. Talk to your healthcare provider for specific instructions.

Physical activity

Being active is recommended as part of a healthy pregnancy. In addition to the usual benefits of exercise, like improving mood and increasing strength, it can also help with things like appropriate weight gain during pregnancy and speeding up recovery after childbirth.

If you were regularly active before becoming pregnant, continue to exercise and make changes as needed. If you were not, start with low impact activities like walking and slowly increase your activity levels. Do not push yourself too hard.
pregnancy and exercise

Oral health

Oral health can be affected by pregnancy, so it is important to make sure you are caring for your teeth, gums, and mouth. Hormonal changes may increase your risk of developing gum disease, which can negatively affect both you and the baby. Stomach acid left on the teeth can cause decay, so make sure you rinse your mouth right away if you vomit (as many people do from morning sickness). A dental professional can help you maintain good oral health.

Risks of alcohol and tobacco use

It is unsafe to drink any type or amount of alcohol at any point during pregnancy. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy may cause the baby to develop fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, a range of disabilities that can affect people who were exposed to alcohol in the womb. Talk to your healthcare provider and seek community support if you need help to stop drinking.

Exposure to tobacco smoke, whether direct or second-hand, can be very dangerous for the baby. It can lead to many complications before and after birth, such as:

  • Preventing the baby from getting enough oxygen and nutrients
  • Exposing the baby to thousands of chemicals, some of which are associated with cancer
  • Increasing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome
  • Increasing the risk of the child developing other health problems that may affect them later in life

The Government of Canada has compiled resources for quitting smoking, organized by province and territory. There are online, telephone, and community resources available.

Mental and emotional health

As always, it is important to look after your emotional wellbeing during pregnancy. Pregnancy can bring new challenges, as many people experience periods of depression, anxiety, or mood swings caused by hormonal changes. If you have concerns about your mental health, discuss them with your care provider.

Everyday things you can do to tend to your mental and emotional health include:

  • Eating well
  • Getting enough rest and physical activity
  • Avoiding stressful situations whenever possible
  • Sharing your thoughts and feelings with someone you trust

Click here to read part two of this article, which covers childbirth, health after pregnancy and birth, and parental leave, and includes links to resources for newcomers.

Shopping 101: Refunds and returns

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Shopping 101: Refunds and returns

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on April 19, 2021
buying with credit
Have you ever been shopping and ended up being unhappy with your purchase? If you have, you’re not alone. Many people often find that they are not satisfied with their purchased products for a variety of reasons. Fortunately, in Canada, most stores offer free returns and refunds. Return and refund policies vary from store to store and among products. This article will break down what you need to know about them to make your shopping experiences better.

What is a refund?

A refund is when a customer returns their item for their money back. This is a solution offered to customers when they’re unhappy with their purchase. Typically, when you return a product, the amount you spent on it will be paid back to you through the method of payment that you originally used. Not every seller offers refunds, and not every item qualifies for a refund. Before you make a purchase, it is wise to double-check if the store you’re shopping at and the product you’re buying is eligible for refunds.

Most stores only accept refunds for a limited time, which means you only have a certain amount of time to turn it back in before your item is ineligible for a refund. Typically, this is seven to 30 days. Due to COVID-19, many retailers have extended this time frame to encourage online shopping. It’s best to double-check with the retailer you’re interested in to see what their time frame is.

The general rule is that if you’re bringing an item back to the store, it must be unused or unworn. Typically, you’re not able to return food unless it is non-perishable. This does not apply to products that are defective, or there something is wrong with them.

Types of returns in Canada:

  • Product return with receipt: This is the most common form of returns offered in Canada. Most sellers offer a full refund with a receipt and the item in its original condition.
  • Returns with no receipt: Some stores accept returns without requiring that you show your receipt. However, this is rare.
  • No returns allowed: This means that whatever you purchase from the seller cannot be returned under any circumstances. There are no returns, exchanges, or refunds allowed.

Additional conditions for returning items:

  • Exchanges only: Some stores don’t accept returns for any of their items, but they will allow the buyer to exchange their product for something else of equal value.
  • Specific product refund policies with receipt: Some sellers offer returns but only if you meet certain criteria. Double-check the product and store policy before buying and returning it.
  • Zero returns or exchanges on certain products: Some stores don’t accept returns on certain items. For example, some shops don’t accept returns or exchanges for personal items like undergarments or underwear.

buying flowers

Additional conditions for returning items:

  • Product return time frame: This policy allows buyers to get a full refund if they bring the item back to the store within a set amount of time. This can range from a week to 30 days, and it varies depending on the store and item bought.
  • Restocking fees: Some sellers allow you to return your product but will charge a restocking fee. A typical restocking fee is 15 per cent of the purchase.

How can I do this?

When shopping, ALWAYS keep your receipt. This will be what allows you to make a return and get your money back. Most stores will not accept your item back without a receipt as proof of purchase. You can keep all your receipts in a folder or even take a picture of them to store on your phone. Whatever you do, make sure you always have a receipt readily available.

If you’re making a return in person, you should take your item in its original condition with your receipt to the store. You can go to the customer service section and ask a customer service representative how to go about returning your product. If you used debit or credit to pay, make sure you have the original card, as some retailers will ask for it to process your refund.

If you’re returning an item to an online store, visit their website to get familiar with their return policy. Most websites have a designated section with this information. If you can’t find it, you can also contact a customer service representative through email. Send them an email with your order number and name along with information about what you wish to return. This will usually start the return process.

What do I need to know?

Not every seller offers refunds or exchanges.

Stores might change their refund and return policies; it’s smart to get a copy of their policy at the time of purchase in writing. You can usually find these policies on the backs of receipts or their website.

You should also know that sellers are not legally obligated to offer you a return or refund. That’s why you should try to take all the precautions you can when buying an item. This includes getting a copy of your receipt and asking the right questions.

Some stores charge restocking fees for certain items. Although you’re returning the product to get your money back, you may be expected to pay a fee for this transaction. Sometimes, this fee is more than the item itself. Check with the retailer to see if they charge restocking fees.

Questions you should ask before buying:

  • Do you offer full or partial refunds, exchanges, or store credit?
  • What do I need to bring as proof of purchase? (For example, the receipt, sales tags, original packaging)
  • Are there any extra fees to return an item? (For example, restocking fees)
  • Are there rules about returning seasonal products after a certain period?
  • Can I return personal items, such as jewelry or lingerie?
  • Can I return a product I opened or used?

Source: Ontario Government
checking an item

What are my rights when it comes to this?

Your guaranteed rights for returns and refunds are limited to very specific situations. Legally, sellers are not obligated to offer you a return; however, you still have some consumer rights when it comes to returns. For instance, you have the right to ask for a refund if the business misrepresents its product, or there is a defect with the product.

Where can I go to find out more or if I have a complaint?

You can file a consumer complaint with the provincial and federal governments. You can visit the Canadian government’s website for more information on how you can file a consumer complaint. You can also reach out to the corporate division of the store you were shopping at and write an email to someone in a position of power explaining your poor experience. Sometimes, when none of those options work, people use social media to express their complaints and find success through this medium. Whatever method you use to advocate for yourself, stay persistent and stand up for what you believe in.

Example of a refund policy:

Here is excerpt of Walmart’s Return Policy. You can visit their site to find out more. As you can see, their return policy has special requirements for different types of items. This is an example of why it’s so important to check the policies in place for the product you’re buying at the store you’re shopping at because it might not be the same all the time:

Our return policy is the same for both online and in-store purchases with just a few minor differences:

  • Online purchases: the return time frame begins on the date of your order’s arrival
  • In-store purchases: the return time frame begins on the purchase date. Make sure to bring along your proof of purchase.

Almost anything you buy from Walmart can be returned within 90 days with the exception of a few items below.

Exceptions:
There are a few exceptions you should know about, which are listed below:

Within 14 days
Computers, Tablets, Laptops, Monitors, Printers, Camcorders, Digital Cameras, GPS Units, Wearable tech, Video game consoles & handhelds, Video games, Computer Games, Wireless Prepaid Phones

Within 15 days
Contract post-paid phones. Subject to applicable legislation. Conditions may vary by carrier. See plan terms and conditions.

Coming to Canada as an international student

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Coming to Canada as an international student

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on April 19, 2021
international students

Choosing your school

There are different types of post-secondary institutions in Canada. The type of school you attend may depend on your learning and career goals. Different institutions award different degrees and qualifications.

  • Universities: Universities are research-focused and academically rigorous. Canadian university programs range from arts and humanities to professional programs, such as law and medicine. They grant a full range of degrees including bachelor’s (three to four years), master’s (one to two years), and doctorate (PhD) degrees (four to five years), and these degrees are often internationally recognized. Professional programs such as dentistry, teaching, law, and medicine are also offered at university. Some world-renowned schools in Canada include the University of Toronto, McGill University, and the University of British Columbia.
  • Colleges: Colleges typically focus on providing an applied, technical education to prepare students for a specific career path, such as graphic design, hospitality management, early childhood education, and police foundations. They also offer other apprenticeship programs and trades training. College is also less expensive than university. Their programs are usually 1-2 years long, and they award diplomas or certificates.
  • Co-op or internship programs: Co-op or internship programs can be found at universities and colleges. These programs have a work component built into their curriculum; this means that you’ll have the opportunity to both work and study. Oftentimes you will have to alternate between class terms and co-op terms depending on your program. This gives you a chance to gain Canadian work experience and build your resume and skills. Co-op programs are often paid, whereas internships are usually not paid; nevertheless, in both cases, you’ll receive course credit.

Getting your study permit

Your study permit will allow you to study at a Designated Learning Institution in Canada. It’s important to note that your study permit is not a visa in that it doesn’t let you enter Canada. Depending on your country of origin, you may also need a visitor visa or an electronic travel authorization (eTA). If your study permit is approved, you will automatically receive one.

Before you apply for a study permit, you must have the following documents:

  • Proof of acceptance to a Designated Learning Institution: Include the original or electronic copy of your letter of acceptance from your school in your application. If it is a conditional acceptance, this usually means that you need to enroll in prerequisite courses, such as an ESL course, before beginning your program. In this case, a study permit may only be issued for the duration of the prerequisite course plus one year. Once you are accepted into your main program of study, you have to re-apply to extend your stay in Canada as a student.
  • Proof of identity: You must submit a valid passport or travel document for yourself and any other family members who are coming with you. Student visa applicants also need to include two recent passport-size photos with their name and date of birth written on the back of the photos.
  • Proof of financial support: You also have to prove that you can support yourself and your family members during your stay in Canada. You need to have a minimum of $10 000 excluding tuition costs or $833 per month in addition to tuition costs. You can prove you have the funds needed by showing:
    • Proof of a Canadian bank account in your name
    • A Guaranteed Investment Certificate (GIC) from a participating Canadian financial institution
    • Proof of student loan from a bank
    • Bank statements from the last four months
    • A bank draft that can be converted to Canadian dollars
    • Proof that you have paid tuition and housing expenses
    • Proof that your funding will be paid within Canada (for example, a scholarship)

international student reading
If your study permit is approved, you will receive your study permit at the port of entry when you arrive in Canada, or it will be mailed to you if you are already in Canada. If you applied from outside of Canada and you are approved, you will receive the Port of Entry Letter of Introduction (POE), which says that you are permitted to study in Canada. Show this letter to the officers at the port of entry, and they will issue you your study permit. Depending on your country of origin, you will also need to have your eTA or visitor visa to enter Canada. If your study permit is rejected, you will receive a letter explaining why.

Arriving in Canada

Now that you’ve been approved to study in Canada, it’s time to book your flights! Here are some things that might make your arrival in Canada easier.

  • Arriving at the airport: Make sure you have your passport, letter of acceptance, letter of introduction, eTA, any other visa/work permit documents, address of accommodations, and the approximate CAD value of items you brought with you
  • Money and Banking: You can use cash for almost any transaction, though debit and credit cards are more popular. When opening a bank account all you need is two pieces of ID—one with your Canadian address and one photo ID. Canada’s five biggest banks are Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC), Scotiabank, Royal Bank of Canada (RBC), Bank of Montreal (RBC), and Toronto-Dominion Canada Trust (TD). Most banks offer lower or no-fee student chequing accounts.
  • Cellphones: You can purchase a cellphone plan online, over the phone, or in person at a local store. You can bring your own device and get a new Canadian SIM card or buy a new phone from a service provider. You will need to bring a piece of government-issued photo ID and proof of address when getting your phone. To learn more about cellphone plans, check this article by The Newcomer
  • Social Insurance Number (SIN): You need a SIN to work in Canada while you study. Getting a SIN is easy. All you need to do is take your study permit and photo ID to the nearest Service Canada office. Some airports including the Toronto Pearson International and Vancouver International airports have Service Canada offices in them, so you can apply for a SIN as soon as you arrive.
  • Health Insurance: Not all provinces offer health coverage to international students, but most schools offer health insurance plans for international students. Check with your school to find out what’s covered by your plan. You can also purchase a health insurance plan from a private company, such as Sun Life, Manulife, and Green Shield Canada.
  • Transportation: It’s important to consider how you will get to and from school and around your city. It is common for students to use public transit. Most cities operate their own public transit system, and there are some transit networks connecting certain cities. Schools usually offer discounted transit passes for students; this is usually included in your school fees. If you do choose to drive, you’ll need to check the driving regulations and licenses at your province, as these are managed provincially. International students can drive in Canada with a valid license. Generally, you can get a Canadian license for a short period of time if you have a valid license from your home country. There are also taxis and ridesharing services that operate in Canada which can help you get around. See this article to learn more about public transportation.
  • Accommodation: It’s best to have your accommodations arranged before you arrive. Most schools have on-campus residences for students, which is a popular choice for first year undergraduate students. You can apply for residence with your school application. Off-campus housing is most popular for those in second year and above. This typically involves renting an apartment or room in a house that isn’t associated with the school. This is generally more expensive but has more room.

Now that you’re in Canada and getting more comfortable with your city and your surroundings, you are ready to start your studies!
international student traveling

Nova Scotia

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Nova Scotia

By Dana Hall

Posted on April 19, 2021

Nova Scotia

Official Language: English
Age of Majority: 19
Legal Drinking Age: 19

Getting a Health Card

Health coverage in Nova Scotia is offered through the Medical Services Insurance (MSI). To register, you must have an address in Nova Scotia. You must also live in Nova Scotia for at least six months of the year.

  • If you have Permanent Residency, you can apply for health coverage the day you arrive.
  • If you are a student, you will not be able to get MSI until you have lived in Nova Scotia for 12 months. If your visa is longer than 12 months, you can apply at the start of the 13th month.
  • If you have a work permit that is at least 12 months long, you can apply for MSI the day you arrive in Nova Scotia. You cannot be absent from Nova Scotia for more than 31 days unless it is for work.

To apply for MSI, you will need to call MSI Registration. If you are in Nova Scotia, call 1-800-563-8880. If you are not in Nova Scotia, call 1-902-496-7008. You will need to have your immigration documents ready when you call.

Driving Information

How to get a licence The legal age to drive in Nova Scotia is 16. The first thing you need to do is to take a knowledge test. You can study for this test using Nova Scotia’s driver’s handbook. You do not need an appointment to book the test, but it is best to call a Registry of Motor Vehicles office near you in order to find out the times at which the tests are given.

You will need to fill out an application form and bring the necessary identification. You can get an application form at any Registry of Motor Vehicles location. After passing your knowledge test, you’ll earn a learner’s licence. This allows you to drive with someone who has a full licence. You will also need to maintain a zero-alcohol level at all times while driving.

The next step is to take a road test. You will need to have your learner’s licence for at least a year in order to take the test. If you have already taken a driver’s education course, you will only need to wait nine months. When you pass your road test, you will become a “Newly Licenced Driver.” This is a specific type of licence that you need to keep for a minimum of two years. People in Nova Scotia often call this a “Cinderella Licence” because it does not allow you to drive between midnight and 5 a.m. To graduate from this licence, you will need to take a six-hour defensive driving course or complete a recognized driver’s training course. If you have already done this for your learner’s licence, you will not need to do it again.

After two years, you can take a second road test. You will need to bring confirmation that you have completed a driver’s course with you. If you pass, you will receive a “Restricted Individual” licence. This means you’ll receive a full licence on the condition that you have a zero-alcohol level whenever you are driving. You cannot teach someone with a learner’s permit how to drive if you are in the Restricted Individual stage of your licence.

After having this licence for two years, these restrictions will go away, and you will be considered a fully qualified driver. You are not required to do anything to lift the restriction. It will simply end once you have had this licence for two years.

Pricing to obtain your licence can be found here.

How to transfer a licence: If you have a licence from another country, you will need to transfer it to a Nova Scotia licence. You should do this in your first 90 days of living in Nova Scotia.

If your country has an exchange agreement with Nova Scotia, you will only need to visit an Access Nova Scotia centre to take an eye test and exchange your license. The following countries have exchange agreements with Nova Scotia:

  • Austria
  • Germany
  • Isle of Man
  • South Korea
  • Taiwan
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

If your country is not on this list, you will need to pass a knowledge test and a road test before exchanging your licence. You can do this whenever you feel ready.

Nova Scotia Public School Information

Children in Nova Scotia can start school as early as age four, but it is not mandatory until age five. These are the different levels of education in Nova Scotia:

  • Junior Kindergarten and Kindergarten: Ages 4–5
  • Elementary school (Grades 1–6): Ages 6–11
  • Junior high school (Grades 7–9): Ages 12–14
  • High school (Grades 10–12): Ages 15–17

Your child’s grade is determined by the year they are born. For instance, everyone born in the year 2015 will go into Grade 1 in 2021. That’s because they will be turning six in 2021. The school year starts in early September and goes until the end of June. There is a short break at the end of December that lasts for two to three weeks. This is called winter break. School starts again in January. There is another week-long break in March called march break.

If you would like to homeschool your child, you can visit this website for more information on how to register.

Supporting your child’s early reading habits and fluency

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Supporting your child’s early reading habits and fluency

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on April 19, 2021

reading

As their first teachers, parents can help nurture their children’s literacy skills (like their awareness of the sound of language and their vocabulary) from a young age. When kids have an early start in developing literacy skills, they will be able to succeed in school, make good decisions, solve problems, and socialize with others. Through doing activities with your children—like reading, singing, playing, and speaking—you can support and encourage their love of reading and fluency in communicating.

Reading

From the time your children are born, you can start reading aloud to them. Reading to them deepens the bond that you have with them and helps promote healthy brain development. When you read to them, pause and point out the different letters, words, and pictures in the book. Research shows that “reading to children from age four-to-five every day has a significant positive effect on their reading and cognitive skills.” You can also visit your local library to borrow books or register your kids for free reading programs. As they get older, you can support them in borrowing or purchasing picture books, comics, graphic novels, magazines, and audiobooks.
reading

Singing

Another way to support the development of your children’s language and literacy skills is by singing to and along with your child. Singing to your babies decreases the risk of language problems later on in life and introduces them to new words. Even if you don’t sing well, your babies will be pleased with your singing. Rhymes in songs help kids understand patterns in language. Songs strengthen memory skills and help connect children to their cultural identity. A folk song or lullaby can introduce your family to your traditions and heritage. Familiar songs can also bring a sense of comfort and safety to your child.

Playing

Playing makes learning fun for kids. When your kids are young, you can provide them with toys like alphabet blocks and puppets to encourage their literacy. You can also use puppets and stuffed animals to create characters and stories that they can interact with. You can also play rhyming and rhythm games with your children, such as tongue twisters and naming a word that rhymes with an object that you see. You can play these games when you take a walk, when you’re on the train, or when you’re at the mall. As your kids get older, you can introduce them to word games that promote literacy like Scrabble and Bananagrams.

family

Speaking

Last but not least, talk to your children. Share appropriate thoughts and feelings with them. For example, tell them when you feel happy, excited, or hopeful. Point out items in the house and tell them about the things that you are going to do. For example, when you are about to eat, point to and name the utensils and dishes that you’ll use to eat. Ask them questions about their likes and dislikes. Ask their opinion on different events, items, information, and experiences. Get your kids to put themselves in other people’s shoes by asking them about other people’s thoughts and feelings. For example, when your husband is cooking, ask your children what they think he’s thinking about. Encourage your child to make predictions on various matters. For example, if you are playing a game, ask them to predict who will win the game, and if you are telling them a story, ask them to tell you what they think will happen next in the story.

Supporting bilingual and multilingual children

If you want your children to be bilingual or multilingual, your spouse could speak in one language while you speak in another whenever you are trying any of the above-mentioned activities with your kids. You can also introduce them to books and TV shows in the target language. You can ask their babysitters or nannies to speak to them primarily in the target language too. Another way you can promote a second language is by enrolling them in language classes. Finally, you can take your children to places where the second language is spoken (like restaurants, places of worship, and cultural centres) for further practice. The Newcomer also has an article on how to help kids maintain their language while learning English.
mother and child

Susmita Dutta: Creating impact and changing lives

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Susmita Dutta: Creating impact and changing lives

By Michelle Boon

Posted on April 19, 2021

Susmita Dutta has an intimidating LinkedIn profile. She is an author, project manager, instructor, and founding partner and CEO of her own company, Global Book Publishing.

Dutta’s warmth and joy for connecting with other people is, however, soon revealed when you talk to her. It is no surprise that she has found success as a newcomer in Canada.

Susmita Duta
Susmita Dutta, Owner of Global Book Publishing
Photo courtesy: Susmita Dutta

First moving from India to the United States, Dutta eventually settled in Canada in April 2019. So far, it seems like a perfect match.

“I love Canada. The people here are so nice,” she said in an interview with The Newcomer. “They’re very much like me.”

When asked if she had a least favourite thing about Canada, she didn’t have a single answer. Instead, she reiterated her most favourite things: the people, the diversity, and the humility of the culture.

Canada was also a perfect match for her business. After a few years of developing Global Book Publishing in the U.S., Dutta kept running into restrictions.

“When you own your own company, you don’t think linear. You have to think in a diverse way,” she said. “You have to try ten different things.” The U.S. market turned out to be too restrictive for Dutta to develop her business through trial and error.

“I had more freedom here [in Canada] based on my status of immigration than in the U.S.,” she said.

Global Book Publishing has skyrocketed since launching in 2014. Taking an educational approach, Dutta’s programs train authors on how to write, edit, and market their work. During her career, she has overseen the publication of hundreds of books. Through Global Book Publishing, Dutta hopes to hit 1000 published books by next year.
girl choosing a book
But success did not happen overnight for this newcomer. Ten years ago, Dutta herself could not have imagined owning a thriving company in a foreign country. For the CEO, her greatest challenge was her own mentality. She said, “The basic problem that I face was my own mindset, and the mindset of being comfortable. If you get comfortable, you will not grow.”

So, on Sept. 8, 2014, she quit her full-time job.

Dutta recalled thinking on Sept. 9, “What did I do? Why did I do that?” She immediately regretted quitting a secure job that she enjoyed but remained firm in her decision.

The business owner had a successful career working in project management at other publishing companies but felt too comfortable. She realized that she would never commit to her business until she had no other choice.

Dutta credits this leap of faith to her early success. “You have to get into the water to start swimming,” she said. Without a steady paycheck, it was like her head was submerged in water, and her survival instincts kicked in. This sink or swim mentality was the push she needed to fully invest in her company.

With years of experience in publishing and project management, Dutta had a strong foundation to build her business. But it was more than her foundation of skills that made her success possible.

Her mindset was her greatest impediment, and her support network helped her overcome it. Dutta expressed gratitude for her parents who “never imposed their society rules on [her].” They never told her to marry early, and they supported all of her decisions, even if they seemed unrealistic.

She also thanks her husband for his unwavering support. He was the one praising her skills and giving her the confidence to strike out on her own. Her husband was also the person who encouraged Dutta to move to Canada for her business in the first place.

Lastly, Dutta mentioned that her mentor, Armand Morin, and her entrepreneur support group helped her navigate Canadian work culture. Being surrounded by other business-minded people taught her that: “You have to tell the world who you are; otherwise, people aren’t going to know,” she said. This is in stark contrast to the culture Dutta grew up with in India, where self-promotion was discouraged.

Through her skill, courage, and the support of her personal network, Dutta has become a successful newcomer. But how does she define success?

“Creating impact and changing lives has been my biggest success,” Dutta said. Dutta’s goal is to help writers achieve their goals of becoming published authors, but also to build fulfilling careers.

Through Global Book Publishing’s programs, many of Dutta’s clients have used their books as tools to build careers as consultants and life coaches.
reading together
As a result of her personal approach, the CEO often wakes up to messages from her clients thanking her for newfound confidence, a new lease on life, or the skills to start businesses of their own. “That is the biggest success for me. I cannot measure it on any scale,” she said.

For Dutta, people are her priority. Canada was both the right market for an immigrant business owner to thrive, and the right place for her to make the most impact on people.

Other than continuing to publish quality books, the business owner hopes to make a social impact on women. With the exception of one staff member, all of her employees are women. This is part of her goal to empower women authors. To foster a company that is for women, by women. Her goal is to impact at least 10 000 women by November 2021 by empowering authors whose books will in turn empower readers.

Dutta’s business is thriving with its home base in Canada, and it’s truly living up to its global name with authors based in Canada, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. The business owner has plans to expand her global reach. She intends to open branches of her company in the United Kingdom, and, in a full-circle moment, her home country, India.

When she’s not supporting other authors, Dutta is an online instructor training entrepreneurs, small business owners, and leaders. She is also an author herself with books on leadership, emotional intelligence, and oil-free cooking. She recently wrote a children’s book on the power of unity, released on March 28, 2021.

Every newcomer’s path to success will be different. But Dutta, as a successful newcomer, says to concentrate on giving your absolute best, and success will automatically follow.

“It’s OK if you are finding the challenges today. Time flies. Keep doing what you are doing; keep your dreams in mind; keep moving forward.”

To read more about Susmita Dutta or Global Book Publishing, visit her website:
https://globalbookpublishing.com

Choosing a pet in Canada

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Choosing a pet in Canada

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on April 19, 2021

guinea pig

Whether you wish to be a first-time pet owner, or you’ve taken care of animals for many years, keeping a pet in Canada is a responsibility that you need to prepare for. There are numerous benefits to doing so. Apart from providing companionship, animals lower your stress levels (see this article for more tips on how to manage stress), provide you with a sense of purpose, push you to exercise (check this article for strategies on how to maintain physical fitness), add structure to your day, and boost your self-esteem. If you are looking to own a pet, which one would be the best one for you? And if you already own one and want to bring it to Canada, what do you need to do?

Before you get a pet

Keeping a pet is a commitment that takes time and money, so you have to be honest with yourself about whether you’re ready and willing to make that commitment. Here are some questions you can ask yourself:

  • Do I have a stable home situation?
  • Can I afford to take care of a pet for the duration of its life?
  • Do I have the time to feed and care for it?
  • Do I have enough space to keep it?
  • Do I know someone who could take care of my pet when I go on vacation?
  • Am I ready to change my lifestyle for my new companion?

Selecting a pet

If you decide you would like to keep a pet and know that you can handle the responsibilities that come with it, you can start searching for your new companion! Consider adopting instead of purchasing pets from pet stores. Adopted animals are less expensive than those sold by breeders and pet stores, and you can choose a young pet or an adult. Thousands of animals in Canada are available for adoption at shelters and rescue centres. You can also adopt a pet from other owners who can no longer keep their pet.

Fish

If you are seeking low-maintenance pets that don’t require a lot of time and commitment, fish are a great option. Types of freshwater fish you can get are neon tetras, goldfish, algae eaters, and guppies. Aside from being adorable and affordable, fish are quiet, don’t take up much space, and are easy to take care of. A new five-gallon aquarium can cost anywhere between $40 – $80. If you have children, you can teach them how to feed the fish and maintain the fish tank.

Rodents

Other pets to consider are rodents like guinea pigs, mice, hamsters, and degus. While they do require more hands-on care than fish, they can be a more attractive option because you can hold them, carry them, and play with them. While these animals require some exercise, and time outside of their cages, you don’t need to go for a walk around the block with them. You have to make sure to clean their cages daily, and keep in mind that they can be sociable creatures. Rodents like degus and guinea pigs should not be alone. They should, at the very least, be kept in pairs of the same species and gender.

hamster

Dogs

If you would like a pet to go jogging and hiking with, adopting a dog might be your first choice. There are many different breeds of dogs including Golden Retrievers, Lhasa Apsos, German Shepherds, Shar-Peis, Great Danes, and Chihuahuas. Dogs are loyal and loving companions. You can take your dog to the park and teach him or her new tricks. They do require training and exercise, and may require medical care, so you should be willing to walk your dog and cover any additional costs.

To learn more about how to train your dog, check out these dog training tips by Homeoanimal.

walking a dog

Cats

Cats are sweet, affectionate, and playful pets that you can snuggle up with at the end of a long day. There are many breeds of cats including Siamese cats, Ragdolls, and Persian cats. Cats are independent creatures, and they can get rid of pests. You can keep them primarily indoors as long as you play with them and create an environment where they can stay active.

housecat

There are many other pets available, like birds and reptiles, but the options above are easier to find, adopt, and take care of.

Bringing your pet to Canada

If you already have a pet in another country and want to bring it to Canada, you should take a look at the Canadian government’s import requirements. You might need to get an import permit for your pet. Your pet might also be subject to quarantine requirements. Keep in mind that the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) requires documents for all animals entering Canada and can refuse entry to Canada to any animal.

Workplace Etiquette in Canada

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Workplace Etiquette in Canada

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on April 19, 2021

workplace

Many people overlook the importance of relationships and impressions at work. It’s important to build and maintain good relationships and a good reputation in the workplace because this can help you get ahead in your career or profession; for example, this may lead to promotions and new job opportunities. This article looks at what acceptable behavior in the workplace looks like and provides tips that you can use to build and maintain good relationships and a good reputation at work.

In the Workplace:

Be polite and kind and greet everyone the first time you see them

It’s important to be polite to everyone you come across at your workplace, as this can help you make good first impressions. First impressions can impact the way people treat you at work, so you want to always ensure that you make a good one. Try to greet everyone the first time you see them that day. After you greet them once, you do not have to greet them again, but it’s good to offer a small smile or nod when you see them. People tend to call their coworkers by their first names. If you’re speaking to two people who don’t know each other, make sure to introduce them to each other, as it can be seen as rude if you don’t. When doing so, use their full name as well as their title, if possible. For example, you can refer to someone as Mr. or Mrs/Ms. [first name] [last name]. Mrs and Ms. are used to refer to women and have different meanings. Mrs. is used to refer to women who are married while Ms. is used to refer to women who are single. If you’re unsure of someone’s marital status, you can use Ms. to be on the safe side.

Personal space

When at work, give people their personal space when talking to them. The general rule of thumb is to stand at least an arm’s length away from the person you’re speaking to. You also want to ensure that you respect people’s areas in the workplace, such as desks, cubicles, and offices. This means not touching the items in their personal work areas without their permission.

Mind your surroundings and office space

You are also expected to be mindful of your surroundings and the workspace. This means that you keep noise to a minimum to respect the space of others. Keep your phones on vibrate or silent mode, and use headphones as needed. If you have to have a personal phone conversation, take a step out of the office space. Try not to make any noise, as this can be distracting to people who are working. Being mindful of your space also means keeping your workspace, whether that be an office, desk, or cubicle, clean and organized.

Kitchen/Restrooms

At many workplaces, kitchens and restrooms are available for the staff to use. These are shared spaces, so you must tidy up after yourself and keep these areas clean. If you’re using the kitchen, wash any dishes you use and discard any trash that you may have. If you spill something, clean up after yourself. Don’t assume that someone will clean it up for you. This rule also applies to washrooms. You want to make sure that you’re cleaning up after yourself when you use the washroom. This includes ensuring that you have flushed the toilet and disposed of any trash and checking to see that you are not leaving the toilet seat dirty or up. Leave these shared spaces how they were when you entered them, clean and tidy.

Be mindful of time!

Time is important in Canada, especially in the workplace. Being late is considered to be disrespectful, especially if it’s over 10 minutes. Try to be five-to-ten minutes early if you can.

Be mindful of your company’s hierarchy.

In Canada, most workplaces have a top-down hierarchy. This means that the supervisors, managers, and bosses give instructions that are expected to be followed by the employees who are below them on the work hierarchy. For example, if you’re just starting a new job, it’s expected that you follow the instructions given to you by all your superiors, like your manager and supervisor. Ignoring this hierarchy can create a bad reputation and could even get you fired.

Be able to accept criticism; don’t take it personal!

A part of doing your job well is being able to accept criticism. You should be open to criticism and suggestions about ways you can improve your work. If someone gives you a piece of constructive criticism or a suggestion for improvement, don’t get upset and don’t take it personally.

Engage in small talk with your co-workers, but don’t be intrusive or gossip

Small talk is a large part of the workplace culture and an important part of building relationships at work. Engaging in small talk with your coworkers is seen as normal. The Newcomer has an article dedicated to small talk that you can read to better understand what it is. When engaging in small talk with your colleagues, don’t be intrusive by asking about details of their personal life or other sensitive topics. You should not participate in gossip about other people in your organization, as this can come back to haunt you and could create a negative impression of you.
coworkers

Dress code

While at work, keep it professional and adhere to the dress code whether it be uniform or business-formal. Whatever you wear, ensure that your clothing looks clean and polished to make a good impression. Try not to wear dirty, stained, or revealing clothes to your job, as this can hurt your professional image.

Smells

Strong smells are not viewed favorably in the workspace. Many employers have a no-scent policy, as many people suffer from allergic reactions when exposed to strong smells. In general, it’s best to try and keep your smells to a minimum. For example, heating a tuna sandwich in the office microwave can leave a strong smell that can bother your coworkers. Wearing deodorant, avoiding strong perfumes or colognes, and using unscented products while at work, shows that you are sensitive to this matter.

Dealing with bosses and coworkers

In the workplace, you’re expected to treat your bosses more formally than your coworkers. It’s important to be mindful of this when speaking to your boss and colleagues. For example, if you need to speak to another employee, it’s normal to stop by their office. On the other hand, if you need to speak to your boss, you usually need to send them an email to ask for a suitable time to meet them. If you are in a managerial position, you’ll need to be formal with your employees and other colleagues due to your higher position. You set the example, so many people will expect professionalism and formality.

Doors

A good workplace etiquette tip that is often forgotten is to open the door or hold it open for others coming through. If you see someone coming towards the door around the same time as you, hold the door open for them and let them pass. Letting the door close in the face of a person who is going through the door at the same time as you can be seen as rude, and it leaves a bad impression.

Missing meetings and being absent

If you have to miss a meeting, don’t expect the organizer of the event to know this. Send a quick email or text message as soon as you know and let them know that you won’t be able to attend the event. Make sure you apologize for your absence when you send this message.

work team meeting

Social media and work

Social media should be kept separate from your professional life. Be careful with what you post on social media, as many people have gotten in trouble at work for what they have posted on their accounts. When posting online, pretend that everyone you work with could see what you are posting. This can help prevent you from posting something that could get you in trouble with your employers.

Email:

Email is an important form of communication in the workplace. This small section will cover some important information about how to write a professional email and include an example for you to view. Keep these tips in mind the next time you write a professional email!

Email address

If you’re using an email for professional and work-related purposes, make sure that your email is professional. A professional email address usually contains your name and numbers. An example of a non-professional email address could be something like basketballfan44@gmail.com or chocolatelover_@hotmail.com.

Start and end with a greeting

When writing a professional email, start and end it off with a greeting. Don’t just jump straight to the message or end your email without a greeting. This is an important factor in making your email seem more professional.

  • Greetings to use at the start include dear [name of person], good morning, hi there, greetings, and hello.
  • Farewell greetings to use at the end include best, take care, thanks, and regards.

Be formal in your message

When writing a professional email, don’t use slang or abbreviations, as this can negatively affect the tone of your email. Another way to make sure your email is formal is to have an email signature that includes your name, job title, phone number, and email address. This signature goes at the end of your email and is a way of ending your email.

Keep the email as concise as possible

Try to not make the email longer than it has to be. Include all the key details in the email and save other non-relevant details for in-person conversations or follow-up emails.

Font—don’t use a colorful or decorative font

When sending professional emails, don’t use colorful or decorative fonts. It’s best to use standard fonts and size, such as size 11 or 12 Arial, Tahoma, or Calibri.

Don’t use emoticons or emojis

If you’re sending a professional email, don’t use emojis or emoticons, as this makes it too informal. Using emoticons or emojis in your email can give your professional email the wrong tone.

Edit before sending

Before you send off your email, do a quick spell check to fix any spelling errors that you might have missed. Spelling or grammar errors in emails are easily preventable mistakes.

Example of a professional email:

Situation: John is an employee at a company reaching out to another coworker to set up an appointment for a phone meeting.

Good afternoon Ms. Smith,

My name is John Doe from the Customer Service Department at XYZ Company.

I am writing this email to you today to see if you would be interested in setting up a time for us to chat in more detail about the project we spoke about last week. I would like to set up a phone interview, so we could discuss the project and your expectations in more detail.

If you’re interested, please let me know what time would work best for you.

Thanks,

John Doe
Manager of Customer Service
647-777-7676
johndoe123@gmail.com

Strategies for socializing as an adult newcomer to Canada

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Strategies for socializing as an adult newcomer to Canada

By Amy Fournier

Posted on April 19, 2021

Making friends as an adult can be quite challenging. As a newcomer, it can be even more difficult to find friends with whom to spend time without having prior connections. School is a great place to meet people, but don’t be discouraged if you are no longer a student and are having trouble building relationships. There are still plenty of ways to meet new people and find where you belong. Here are some simple tips to keep in mind if you are looking to develop long-lasting friendships in Canada.

There’s an app for that

A lot of Canadians use apps such as Tinder, Hinge, or Bumble when looking for people to date. The Newcomer has an article on online dating that provides a list of apps you can use to connect with other singles. However, there are also tons of free apps available to help you find new friends as well. Like some dating apps, Bumble BFF allows you to swipe through profiles of people in the area and match with the ones that are interesting. Many people on the app specify what they are looking for on their profile—whether that is a fitness friend, someone to grab coffee with, or a person to go see concerts with. If you match with someone on the app, start a conversation and see where it takes you. You have the option to be picky with who you decide to meet, so feel free to browse your options!

Seek out clubs

There are so many different clubs that exist and cater to all interests. A great way to explore the range of clubs in your area is through joining a platform such as Meetup. This website has different categories such as Photography, Book Clubs, Sci-fi and Games, Pets, Fashion and Beauty, Health and Wellness, among many others. Whether you are interested in rock climbing, playing Dungeons & Dragons, or reading manga, there are sure to be other people who share that hobby. Events are posted under each group, and you can indicate if you plan to attend. You can also join community centre events, library book clubs, and local community organizations to meet people in your area with similar interests.
friends

Take an improv class

Improv (short for improvisation) is a type of performance that requires no pre-planned action, unlike regular performed theatre. Joining an improv workshop requires that you work closely with others. It can boost your self-confidence, help you develop public speaking skills, and better your interactions and relationships with others, according to The Second City, a comedy club located in Toronto. Even if you aren’t the most outgoing person, you may enjoy working with others in a non-professional atmosphere.

Volunteer

Volunteering is an excellent way to give back to the community and meet other charitable people. There are many non-profit organizations that are always looking for a helping hand. Volunteer Toronto has plenty of open positions around the Greater Toronto Area.

Don’t be afraid to go out of your comfort zone

It can be really easy to stick with communities that you know once you arrive in Canada. However, this country is filled with diversity, and there is so much to learn by celebrating different cultures and ethnicities. Francisco Campos, a software engineer at CIBC, stressed the importance of expanding your social circle as an adult newcomer from Mexico to Canada.

“When I got here, my family had friends of friends who were also Mexican,” he said. “A lot of Mexican immigrants tend to establish relationships among them mostly because of the language and culture. Some immigrants avoid contact with external cultures or even the government due to their status or limited linguistic skills.” Getting out of your comfort zone and associating with different people gives you the chance to practice your social skills.

friends

There are many resources available in Canada that make it possible to connect with a variety of people. It may take some time, but cultivating a network of friends as a newcomer is achievable with a bit of patience and persistence.

Craving connection: What to do if you feel lonely

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Craving connection: What to do if you feel lonely

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on April 19, 2021
man looking out a window

Whether you are an immigrant to Canada, senior citizen, employee, widow, or student, we’ve all felt lonely at some point in our lives. Not that we would admit it! Admitting to someone that you feel lonely can feel like admitting that you are a loser, social outcast, or reject. You don’t want to be pitied when you already feel disconnected and misunderstood.

The fact is that you are not alone in your loneliness. According to a 2020 Ipsos poll, 54 per cent of Canadians agree with the statement that physical distancing has left them feeling lonely or isolated. Also, a 2019 Angus Reid survey found that 41 per cent of Canadians often or sometimes wish they had someone to talk to but don’t, and 47 per cent of Canadians feel lonely and wish they had more friendly human contact.

Loneliness: A signal for change

While you can ease loneliness by getting a pet, praying, or playing video games, you should recognize that feeling lonely can be a signal that things need to change in your life.

Whenever you feel lonely, you can do some inner reflection and evaluate your life. You can start by asking yourself these questions:

  • Do I have any meaningful relationships (parents, siblings, friends, etc.) where I can speak openly and honestly without judgement? If so, how many? If not, why not?
  • When was the last time I reached out to someone I cared about? Why did I reach out to that person?
  • How can I reconnect with someone I have lost touch with?
  • Do I have any estranged relationships? If so, how can I try to reconcile with them?
  • How can I establish new and healthy relationships?

Remember that the desire to connect with others is not a selfish desire, nor is it a sign of weakness. Connection with others is possible if you are willing and able to socialize, reach out to others, and be vulnerable. All you need to do is try.

Reaching out

1. Friends

If you don’t currently live with your friends, send them a message first asking about their availability for a one-to-one conversation. While you may have a friend group and think that meeting them all at the same time is more efficient, personalizing your time with a friend can show them that you care about their individual needs. Meeting in person is always more meaningful, but if that’s not possible, have a phone or video conversation and try to keep in touch regularly (set up a call at least once a month).

kids playing

Some topics you can discuss with your friends: the news, updates in your respective lives (work, relationships, health, etc.), books, TV shows, movies, and plans for the week or month. If you are unable to watch a movie at the same time, you can watch a movie beforehand and then discuss the movie when you are able to meet or chat. You can also go to a board game café with your friends or play virtual games with them like Codenames, Skribbl, and Scattergories.

2. Family

If you live with family members (parents, siblings, spouse, or kids), you can start by strengthening your bond with them. Plan some one-on-one time with each family member and make the effort to ask them questions and really listen to what they have to say.

If you don’t live with any relatives, message (through social media, text, or email) your family members to request a phone or video chat. After your chat, try to set up in-person meetings, if possible, for heart-to-heart conversations. Try to keep in touch with family members through calls or meetings on a weekly or monthly basis.

3. Strangers

If you don’t have any family members or friends to turn to, you can turn strangers, acquaintances, or colleagues into friends and family members. You can meet people through volunteering, by attending workshops, classes, or events, and at your place of worship. If you attend online events, you can privately send a message to someone you connected with during a Zoom breakout room discussion. Just type: “I enjoyed our conversation. Would you like to keep in contact?”. Then, text your new friends and schedule weekly or monthly hang outs. For more strategies on how to build new relationships, check out this article on how to meet new people in Canada.

When meeting strangers, you have to be clear with them and let them know that you are only seeking their friendship, as many people may assume you have other motives (for example, they may think you are trying to sell them something, convert them, or date them). If they seem uncertain about spending one-on-one time with you, you can invite them to festivals, conventions, or social events in a group setting (e.g., with your relatives or some of your other friends). Later on, when they start to view you as a friend, you can arrange one-on-one hang outs.

Loneliness and self-acceptance

On the other hand, if you are not used to being by yourself, you can use this opportunity to get to know yourself better, further develop your potential, and become more comfortable with yourself. Instead of seeking new relationships, you can take the time to invest in other interests, passions, and hobbies. Identify your skills, strengths, and talents. Find purpose in your life, outside of your relationships to others and various roles in life (e.g., aside of being someone’s sister, brother, wife, husband, mother, father, etc.). List all of your past and present achievements. Tell yourself positive affirmations (for example, “I am beautiful,” “I am wonderful,” “I am intelligent,” “I am talented,” etc.), and be grateful for what you have. You need to build yourself up so that even when you are alone, you are happy and feel confident and optimistic.

woman smiling

Public transportation in Canada

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Public transportation in Canada

By Dara Poizner

Posted on April 19, 2021

Streetcar

Public transportation (or transit) refers to the system of transport that is available to the public, usually operating on a fixed route and with a schedule. It is an affordable and environmentally friendly way of getting around a city. People use public transit all the time—to get to work or school, to run errands, or for any number of other activities. Cities and towns all over Canada have their own public transit systems. There are also accessible transit options available in many cities for people with disabilities.

Most transit systems are made up of a network of buses that cover routes throughout the city. Some systems are bigger and include other forms of transit:

  • Toronto has the subway, streetcars, and buses.
  • Montreal has the Metro (subway), buses, and Taxibus (a pre-booked rideshare service for areas not covered by regular bus routes).
  • Vancouver has the SkyTrain (a rapid transit system), SeaBus (a passenger ferry connecting North Vancouver to Downtown Vancouver), and buses.

Using public transit

Whether you take it regularly or only occasionally, it is very useful to become familiar with the public transit in your area. These guidelines will give you a general idea of how public transit in Canada works. Every transit system is different; this should only be used as general advice. Research your local transit to learn exactly how it works.

How do I plan my trip on transit?

To use public transit, you need to determine which buses, subways, or other vehicles will get you from your starting point to your destination. Maps of transit routes and schedules are available online and at some bus stops or stations. Schedules tend to be different on the weekends. Some days have reduced service, like statutory holidays.

Some cities have local trip-planning apps. These apps can help you determine your route and sometimes track when the next vehicle is coming. If your city does not have its own app, you should be able to use Google Maps to plan your route with public transit.

How do I get on and off the vehicle?

There are designated stops for buses and streetcars to pick up passengers. Find out which stop is closest to you. To board a bus, stand at the stop to wait for it to arrive. When the driver sees passengers waiting, they will pull over to let them onto the vehicle. If a bus is full and there is not enough room to let more passengers on, you will have to wait for the next bus.

To get off the bus, there is usually a button to press or rope to pull that will tell the driver to stop at the next stop. Press or pull before the bus arrives at your stop, but after it has already left the previous stop.

public bus

Some vehicles, like subways, stop at every station automatically. You do not have to do anything to indicate that you need to get on or off—simply walk onto or off the vehicle when the doors open. The subway likely has an emergency stop button, but it is only for use in serious situations—do not press it if you need to get off the subway. If you miss your stop, you must wait and exit at the next stop, where you will be able to get on a train in the other direction.

You will have to pay your fare either as you board the vehicle or at the entrance to the station (more on that later).

What should I do if I’m lost or need help?

If you need help with directions or anything else, speak to a transit staff member like a driver or a ticket taker. Depending on the transit system, staff may be wearing a badge or uniform which you can use to identify them.

In case of an emergency, many transit vehicles have a button you can press to alert the staff. The emergency button should be used for serious situations, for example, when someone is in danger (e.g., illness or injury) or a crime has occurred or is about to occur (e.g., harassment, assault, or theft). There are fines for using the emergency button inappropriately.

Paying for public transit

The cost of public transit is different in every city, but it is usually about $2.50 to $4.00 per one-way trip.

The one-way fare normally includes transfers between different vehicles. You may need to take multiple buses to get to your destination; if this is the case, you probably won’t have to pay multiple fares. Some cities (like Vancouver) have a “zone” system where you pay more for traveling a further distance or switching to a different mode of transit.

Cost is often higher in a city with a bigger, more complex transit system. For example: Toronto is the most populous city in Canada with the largest transit system, and Guelph is a mid-sized city about 95 kilometres away. A one-way adult cash fare for Toronto transit is $3.25, while it is only $3.00 in Guelph.

Some regions are connected to each other by their local transit systems, like Toronto and Brampton. If you get to Brampton by using Toronto public transit, you will have to pay a separate fare to use Brampton transit.

Transit passes

For people who take public transit very regularly, it may be worth buying a transit pass (if this option is available where you live). A pass is when you pay an amount upfront for an unlimited number of trips over a certain period. This might be a day, multiple days, a month, or a year.

To see if it’s worth buying a pass for a certain period of time:

  • Find out the cost of a single trip and the cost of a transit pass.
  • Determine the number of trips you think you’ll take over the same period of time covered by the pass.
  • Calculate how much that number of single trips would cost. If it is higher than the cost of the pass, it is worth buying the pass.

For example, in Guelph, the adult fare is $3.00 cash for a single trip, and $80.00 for the monthly pass. You need to take at least $80.00 worth of single trips in a month to make it worth buying the monthly pass. If you take ten single trips, it costs $30.00 in total. But if you take 40 single trips per month, it will cost $120.00, so it is cheaper to buy the monthly pass.

Payment methods

With many public transit systems, there are a few different ways to pay:

  • Cash: You can pay your fare using cash, although the cash fare might be more expensive than other methods. You are not always able to get change, so it is better to pay the exact amount if you are using cash.
  • Tickets: Purchase tickets directly from a station or another vendor that is authorized to sell them.
  • Transit cards: Purchase a reusable card and then pre-pay to add funds to your card. You can usually do this online or at designated areas (directly at the station or at authorized self-serve reload machines). Reload the card as needed. You will need to tap or scan the card when you enter the station or board the vehicle. Your fare will be deducted from your card.
  • Transit passes: You can typically purchase transit passes at your local transit stations. You may also be able to load a transit pass onto a reusable card. Depending on your location and transit system, you may be asked to show your pass to the driver or ticket taker or tap or scan your pass when you enter the station or board the vehicle.

If you use cash or tickets to pay the fare, you may be given a transfer ticket. Keep this ticket if you plan on transferring to a second vehicle. Once you have boarded the second vehicle, show it to the driver, so the driver knows that you have already paid, and you will not be asked to pay again.

Discounts

Discounted fares or passes are often available for youth, students, and seniors. Children under a certain age can usually ride for free.

Public transit etiquette

All public transit users should know the appropriate etiquette. Following these guidelines shows courtesy to others and makes the experience of using public transit more pleasant for everyone. Note: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there are other specific rules in place for using public transit.

Wait until everyone who needs to get off the vehicle has done so before you get on. Do not push people out of the way to get onto the vehicle. If you need to exit and someone is in your way, politely ask them to move.

Subway train

Avoid making loud noise. Use headphones quietly when listening to something on your phone. If you are having a conversation, speak at a low volume.

Avoid eating messy or strong-smelling foods, and be careful with hot drinks.

Avoid using more than one seat. When possible, keep personal items on your lap instead of placing them on the seat beside you. However, it is usually OK to take up more space if there are not a lot of people on the vehicle and you are not taking away a seat that someone else could use.

When possible (if the vehicle is not too busy), keep a reasonable distance from others.

If you can stand, be prepared to give up your seat for elderly people, pregnant people, people with small children, people with disabilities, or anyone else who may need a seat.

Do not leave garbage on the vehicle.

Transit systems in major cities

These are links to the websites of the transit systems in major cities throughout Canada. You can find information on schedules and routes and trip planning tools. They are not necessarily the only transit systems in a province or territory: many small and mid-sized cities also have public buses.

Alberta

British Columbia

  • Vancouver: TransLink
  • BC Transit operates 88 transit systems in British Columbia (outside of Vancouver)

Manitoba

New Brunswick

Newfoundland and Labrador

Northwest Territories

Ontario

Prince Edward Island

Quebec

Saskatchewan

Yukon

Check out this resource: Arrive guides to transit in major cities

Arrive, a website with information for newcomers, has detailed guides for learning and using the transit systems in a few of Canada’s major cities:

A guide to rights and freedoms in Canada

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A guide to rights and freedoms in Canada

By Kathleen Charlebois

Posted on April 19, 2021

Putting up a poster

What are your rights in Canada?

A right is an entitlement or guarantee of protection under the law, and it is an important part of a democratic society like Canada. Rights help democracy function properly.

Examples of legal rights include the right to be considered innocent until proven guilty in a court of law, to have a fair and impartial trial if you are charged with an offence, and not to suffer cruel and unusual punishment from the state. Human rights include your right to live free from discrimination and harassment based on race, ethnicity, age, or other protected grounds.

Many of your basic rights and freedoms as a Canadian are set out in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

What is the Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

According to the Government of Canada website, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms “sets out rights and freedoms that Canadians believe are necessary in a free and democratic society.”

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force on April 17, 1982 and is part of the Canadian Constitution Act. The Constitution is the highest law of Canada and outlines the rules about how the Canadian state and provincial and territorial governments are allowed to operate. Because the Constitution is the most important law in Canada, all other laws that the government passes must be consistent with the Constitution and Charter.

Anyone living in Canada, whether they are a Canadian citizen, a permanent resident or a newcomer, is guaranteed the rights and freedoms that are listed in the Charter. However, you need to be a Canadian citizen to have the right to vote and the right to enter, remain in, and/or leave Canada.

The Charter protects your democratic rights, the right to live and to look for a job anywhere in Canada, your legal rights to life, liberty, and personal security, and your right to equality. The Charter also protects English and French as the official languages of Canada as well as minority language education rights, Canada’s multicultural heritage, and the rights of Indigenous people in Canada.

What are equal rights?

Everyone in Canada is considered equal before and under the law according to the Charter, and you have the right to equal protection and benefit without discrimination. You cannot be discriminated against based on your race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation, marital status, or citizenship status. Men and women are equally protected under the Charter.

protest

What are freedoms?

The Charter protects your fundamental freedoms, such as the freedom of conscience and religion (being able to follow any religion you choose or none at all); the freedom of thought, belief, opinion, and expression, including freedom of the press and other forms of communication; the freedom of peaceful assembly, such as going to a protest to support a cause you believe in; and the freedom of association, such as being able to join a workers’ union.

These rights and freedoms can be limited in order to protect other rights that may be infringed upon or violated. For example, freedom of speech does not protect things like hate speech or child pornography.

What are my legal rights?

The Charter guarantees all Canadians life, liberty, and personal security, and it requires that governments respect the basic principles of justice whenever they infringe on those rights.

You have the right to a reasonable expectation of personal privacy, which means that you are protected against an unwarranted search or seizure of your property. Anyone who acts on behalf of a government, such as police officers, must carry out their duties in a reasonable way.

The Charter protects your right to not be taken into police custody or held without a good reason by government officials. If a police officer detains you, they must have solid justification based on evidence for doing so.

If the police ever arrests or detains you, you have the right to be promptly told why you are being arrested or detained. You also have the right to contact a lawyer immediately in order to receive legal advice, and the police must tell you that you have this right. If you do not have a lawyer, the police must let you know about the legal aid services that are available to you. You also have the right to ask a judge if your arrest was lawful. If the arrest was unlawful, the judge can order your release.

You also have the right to go to trial within a reasonable time and not to be forced to testify as a witness at your own trial. You have the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty in a public hearing with an independent tribunal.

Supreme court

If you are a witness in a trial and have to provide evidence in court, your testimony can’t be used against you in another trial or other subsequent proceeding.

If you are part of any kind of legal proceedings, and you do not understand or speak the language that the proceedings are in, you have the right to an interpreter to translate for you, no matter what language you speak. The right also applies if you are deaf and need a sign language interpreter.

You have the right to not be denied reasonable bail without a good reason. Whether you are found guilty or not guilty, you have the right to not be tried or punished a second time.

You have the right to not be punished in a cruel or unusual way. You can’t be tortured, and law enforcement officials can’t use excessive or abusive force against you.

If you are sentenced, the sentence must match the seriousness of the offence, so you can’t get an extremely long prison sentence for a minor offence.

What are my democratic rights?

If you are a Canadian citizen and over the age of 18, the Charter guarantees your right to elect your government representatives (such as members of parliament, members of provincial parliament, or members of the legislative assembly), to vote in elections, and to run for office yourself.

How are these rights and freedoms enforced?

If you believe that any of your rights and freedoms, outlined in the Charter, were violated by any level of government, you can take your issue to court and ask for a remedy. You and your legal representation must show that your rights were violated.

Even if certain rights and freedoms aren’t specifically outlined in the Charter, it doesn’t necessarily mean that those rights and freedoms don’t exist and that you aren’t entitled to them.

Action against discrimination

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms only applies to governmental authorities, such as the legal and justice system or government programs, whenever they unreasonably intrude on your rights and freedoms.

If you have been discriminated against based on any prohibited grounds, such as race, sex, or mental or physical disability, by a non-government organization (such as your workplace) or an individual person, you can take your case to the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal Canada. The CHRT protects people from discrimination. According to the CHRT website, “all Canadians have the right to equal opportunity, fair treatment, and an environment free of discrimination.” The CHRT is similar to a court of law, but it isn’t as formal. It also only hears discrimination cases.

It is important to understand your rights and freedoms as a Canadian since they are a vital part of a free and functioning democracy, and many people have fought hard for these rights as we know them today.

Do newcomers have to like hockey to be Canadian?

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Do newcomers have to like hockey to be Canadian?

By Michelle Boon

Posted on April 19, 2021

Hockey team

The short answer is no.

Naturally, newcomers might feel pressured to play hockey or become hockey fans. It is Canada’s national winter sport, and it seems like an easy way to integrate into Canadian culture. But some newcomers try to engage with the sport and find they can’t participate. Maybe they don’t even like hockey. This can lead to feeling like they don’t belong.

Hockey is a symbol of national identity. It unites Canadians. At least, it does in theory. The truth is, hockey is and always has been exclusionary.

As a newcomer, you are not required to participate in hockey to participate in Canadian culture.

But where does that pressure to love hockey come from?

How hockey became the heart of Canada

Hockey is part of Canada’s national identity. “Canada is hockey, and hockey is Canada.”

The sport’s keystone position in national identity started with winter. Throughout most of Canada, winter can last from six to eight months. What else is there to do but put on skates and play a game of hockey. The sport was invented in Canada around 1875, and it started as “every man’s” sport. It was accessible to the working class. Neighborhood children would lace up their skates and play outside on frozen ponds.

The sport was also available to anyone with a radio and later television. “Hockey Night in Canada” began as a radio show in 1931. Every week, people across the country would tune in for the weekly hockey game. Canadians have been collectively listening to and watching hockey for almost a century.

Hockey was invented in Canada. It was a sport open to all. Everyone experienced hockey in one way or another, and that shared experience and understanding is what made it Canada’s sport. Our sport.
Hockey player

Hockey and exclusion

In November of 2019, long-time host of “Hockey Night in Canada,” Don Cherry, infamously said, “You people—you love our way of life, you love our milk and honey, at least you can pay a couple bucks for a poppy or something like that.”

You people. Our way of life. Cherry used this xenophobic language (language that showed dislike for people from other countries) to criticize immigrants for not supporting Canadian war veterans. He insinuated that there is an us and a them. That newcomers are not “real” Canadians and should just be grateful to be here.

Cherry was fired for this exclusionary statement, but this is just one example of discrimination and exclusion in hockey.

Hockey and racism

For many newcomers who also identify as BIPOC, the acronym that stands for black, Indigenous, and people of color, hockey may not be a welcoming sport. As of 2020, there were 43 players of colour in the National Hockey League (NHL), a league with over 700 players. This indicates that there are widespread issues preventing diversity in the sport. Minority players work harder than their white teammates to play professionally. Sometimes, they overcome these barriers only to be subject to racial discrimination and abuse.

In 2019, Calgary Flames coach, Bill Peters, resigned after being accused of using racial remarks a decade earlier. Peters called Nigerian Canadian player, Akim Aliu, the n-word several times because of his taste in music. Aliu then “rebelled” against his coach, and Peters had him demoted to a lower-level league because of it.

In an article, Aliu recounts other experiences where he was abused by his teammates in the Ontario Hockey League. His teammates put Tiger Balm in his jock-strap, threw his equipment onto the roof, and shoved a hockey stick through his mouth.

“I was with all these people who were supposed to be my brothers, right?” Aliu asked in his article. “I was surrounded by the types of players I had dreamed of playing with, and I had never felt more alone.”

For BIPOC newcomers who fail to find belonging in hockey, it is through no fault of their own. Racism is an unfortunate, but undeniable part of the sport’s culture.

Hockey and sexism

Newcomer women and girls are at an even greater disadvantage of getting into the sport.

Men’s hockey receives more funding and more societal support than women’s hockey. The Canadian Women’s Hockey League (CWHL) was dissolved in 2019 due to lack of finances. This seems inevitable when you consider that the women’s league received far less support, resources, and infrastructure than the men’s professional league.

Female players in the CWHL were not paid until the 2016–17 season. Even then, they were not paid enough for hockey to be their full-time careers. Almost everyone involved in the league, including team staff members, had full-time jobs outside of the sport.

Meanwhile, the lowest salary in the NHL is about US$700,000.

Canadian culture favours men’s hockey, and women’s hockey suffers for it.

“We are, as a society, willing to risk something for the potential success of men’s sport,” Courtney Szto, assistant professor of kinesiology and health studies at Queen’s University, said in an interview with CBC. “We have been very unwilling to take that risk for women’s sports.”

There is less money and less opportunity in professional women’s hockey. Newcomer girls may have trouble finding a league. They may feel little incentive to pursue a sport with so few professional prospects.

The cost of hockey

Professional hockey players, at least male players, receive high salaries, but getting there requires heavy investment. Gone are the days where working class boys played outdoor hockey for fun. Hockey has become an elite sport. It is most available to wealthy families who have the money and time to invest.

A 2019 survey found that 60 percent of parents spent $5000 per year to put their children in hockey. To enroll your children in the sport, you either have to be wealthy or willing to make sacrifices. Families take fewer vacations, restrict entertainment budgets, or simply go into debt so their children can pursue the Canadian Dream.

Between practices, games, and tournaments hours away from home, hockey demands a lot of time. It can become more of a lifestyle than a hobby.

Playing the sport is not the only thing that comes with a costly price tag. Being a spectator can also be very expensive. A ticket to a Toronto Maple Leafs game can cost over $200.

For a lot of newcomers, hockey just isn’t in the budget.

Is hockey all bad?

Hockey is too white, too male, and too rich. But is it all bad?

The short answer is also no.

At its best, hockey unites Canada—including newcomers.

Newcomers have experienced overwhelming pride cheering for Team Canada at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. Connecting with coworkers or neighbours can be as easy as asking what team they cheer for.

If hockey is of interest to you or your children, there are programs available that make hockey more accessible to newcomers. Hockey4Youth and Home Ice Hockey are programs in the Toronto area that offer free ice hockey for children with an emphasis on social inclusion.
Hockey
Perhaps the most affordable way to experience hockey is to do what Canadians have been doing for a century: Tune in from the comfort of home. TSN, Sportsnet, and CBC are common channels to view hockey games. Check with your TV provider to see what sports channels are available.

Hockey is a deeply problematic part of Canadian culture. It’s an expensive and inconvenient sport to play. Newcomers are at a disadvantage getting into the sport, and the culture can be hostile if they overcome disadvantages. There’s a lot of dislike about hockey.

Yet, it remains our sport, newcomers included. As residents in Canada, hockey is yours to take or to leave. Whatever relationship you choose to have with hockey, it makes you no more or less a part of Canada.

Staying fit and feeling settled in Canada through sports

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Staying fit and feeling settled in Canada through sports

By Michelle Boon

Posted on April 19, 2021

rugby

As a newcomer, you’re a busy person. You’re establishing a new life in new surroundings while taking care of yourself and your family. Recreational activities may not seem like a top priority during the settlement process.

While it may not be No. 1 on your to-do list, getting involved in sports can be a great way to multitask. It can help you stay healthy and feel more settled in your community.

Sports and community

Unlike other forms of exercise, like training at the gym or going for a jog, sports are a great option for staying fit and making connections. “Sport has a unique power to attract, mobilize, and inspire,” according to the United Nations Office on Sports and Development. “By its very nature, sport is about participation. It is about inclusion and citizenship.”

In ideal conditions, sports help newcomers integrate into Canadian communities. By participating in them, you could practice your English skills, build a network of friends, and learn about Canadian culture from this network.

You have many different options to participate. You can play casual pick-up games, join a competitive league, or join an intramural or non-competitive league. For kids, there are endless options for competitive and non-competitive sports programs for all different levels. You can also choose from a variety of sports, including hockey, gymnastics, baseball, and soccer, to name a few.

How to get involved

One of the most accessible ways to get involved is through your local recreational centre. Here you might find basketball courts, a pool, running tracks, and studios for martial arts and dance. You will also have access to sports equipment.

basketball

You can drop in and play casually or register for a tournament or league. Community centres, like the YMCA, organize one-day tournaments or competitions that last a few weeks. You can sign up on your own and be placed on a team or register as a team with your friends. For children, recreational centres often offer lessons to learn various sports, such as swimming, basketball, and soccer. At any age, participating in these types of physical activities is a way to meet new people, while staying active.

To find the recreational centre closest to you, you can contact your municipal government and ask about the local sports facilities. You can also use the Services Near Me tool on settlement.org. Fill in your postal code and search “community centre” or “recreational centre.”

If you’re a more seasoned athlete or you want to sign your children up for a competitive sport, there are many programs available. These vary depending on your area. Children can try-out for sports teams and compete through school, or they can join a community team. If you’re having trouble finding a team to join, try asking other parents at your child’s school, your neighbours, or inquiring on social media about where to register.

How much do sports cost?

Most community and recreational centres require entry or membership fees. This will vary depending on the community centre. At the Toronto YMCA, for example, an adult membership costs $59 per month, and a family membership costs $99 per month. There is also a one-time $85 joining fee. For occasional use or to test out the facilities, you can get a day pass available at $16 for adults and $7.50 for children.

Competitive sports also come with a price tag, and some are more affordable than others. A season of children’s soccer costs about $250, while a season of hockey costs about $750. Between registration fees and purchasing equipment, sports can get expensive.

As a newcomer, sports may not be a top priority in your budget, but there are options to remedy the cost. Your local community centre might offer a membership subsidy. If you qualify, the YMCA reduces fees by up to 50 per cent. You can also access grants from your community. Newcomers in Toronto can apply for the Welcome Policy, which provides funds for recreational use. Contact newcomer services to find out if there is funding for recreation available in your area.

Barriers in sports

Cost is just one barrier you may have to overcome in sport, and currently the pandemic is a prominent one. Recreational centres are closed, and competitive sports can’t run due to the closure of indoor facilities. What are your options for participating in physical activities safely?

Well, they are currently limited, but outdoor spaces are still open. Parks are an option for a hike in the snow, and you can practise your skating skills at outdoor rinks.

Besides the pandemic, you may encounter other challenges in accessing and participating in sports.

As a newcomer, you may face difficulties related to the costs and time needed to participate in physical activities. You may also feel unfamiliar with organized sports in Canada and be unclear as to where and how to register. There are also barriers that affect women and girls, seniors, people with disabilities, and people who identify as LGBTQ+. For newcomers who identify with one or several of these groups, these barriers can accumulate. For example, newcomers who are LGBTQ+ may overcome their unfamiliarity with Canadian sports systems only to face homophobia when they finally join a team.

Exclusion and inaccessibility can occur in sports, especially for vulnerable groups like newcomers.

Overcoming barriers

If you have trouble accessing sports because of your culture or identity or feel excluded while participating, there are programs specifically designed to make sports more equitable.

Home Ice Hockey, for example, is a non-competitive program for newcomer children in Toronto. Hockey is a major aspect of Canadian culture, but it is also one of the most inaccessible. It requires expensive equipment and prior ability to skate. Additionally, there are gender barriers preventing girls from playing hockey. In general, women are underrepresented in professional hockey, and some newcomer parents say that hockey is too violent for their daughters to play.

This program fights these barriers by offering free access to equipment, skating lessons, and organized games. They also have two girls-only locations that provide a safe space for newcomer girls to try the sport.

Find the sport that’s right for you

It is no coincidence that many athletic programs targeted toward newcomers focus on hockey, Canada’s national winter sport. Sports help you feel more integrated into Canadian culture or more comfortable in your settlement process.

But you’re not limited to popular Canadian sports like hockey and basketball. As a multicultural country, many international sports have a thriving presence here. Soccer is popular around the world, and Canada is no exception. In fact, for many Canadian children, playing in a soccer league is a rite of passage. There are also other sports available like cricket, table tennis, and badminton which are dominated by newcomers.

team cheer

The Ontario Cricket Academy, for example, was founded by Canadian cricketer Derek Perera, and many of the coaches in the club are newcomers themselves. This club is popular with newcomers and newcomer families who want to play a familiar sport at an advanced level.

Playing a sport that is popular in your home country, but not so much in Canada, means you may not meet as many Canadian-born people. Don’t let this stop you from playing the sport you love. Adjusting to Canadian life can be difficult; building a support network of other newcomers can help with the settlement process.

Sports are not a requirement to be included in Canadian culture, but it’s a fun option for staying fit and making connections. Don’t be afraid to try different options and find a sport that’s right for you.

Canada Revenue Agency scams

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Canada Revenue Agency scams

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on April 19, 2021
unknown caller
The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) scam is one of the most popular scams going on in Canada right now and has been targeting people since 2014. CTV News, a popular Canadian news channel, reports that more than $18.5 million has been lost as a result of this scam. It’s important to be aware of the warning signs of this scam, so you don’t fall victim to it either. This short article will explain what the scam is, how it’s usually done, and what signs to look out for. We’ll also tell you what to do if you get one of these phone calls.

The Canada Revenue Agency scam is a form of fraud that targets people in Canada. The scammers pose as government employees, and they intimidate people into repaying false debts. People are being targeted by these scammers through phone, email, texts, and even instant messaging platforms. Sometimes you may receive emails with a link to a fake Canada Revenue Agency website containing “online refund forms” or forms that ask you for personal information. You may also receive a call from someone posing as a Canada Revenue Agency employee, claiming that you owe money and demanding you to pay it back.

The scammers will typically call you and introduce themselves as government employees; they’ll tell you that you are under investigation for tax fraud and evasion. They will then tell you to give them your banking information, to transfer the money via wire, or to purchase prepaid cards to settle this issue. They will also use an authoritative tone to scare you and sometimes even threaten to send the police after you.

Alternatively, the scammers may send you a link to a fake Canada Revenue Agency website that will ask you to put in your personal information such as banking information and personal details. This scam is a bit easier to spot because the Canada Revenue Agency will never email you asking you to complete a form and provide personal and financial details. It’s best to create an account on the Canada Revenue Agency to keep up to date with any changes or concerns. If you know what’s going on with your account, scammers will be less likely to trick you.

The Canada Revenue Agency will NEVER:

  • Demand immediate payment by Interac e-transfer, bitcoin, prepaid credit cards, or gift cards such as iTunes or Amazon
  • Threaten you with arrest or sending the police
  • Use aggressive language
  • Ask you for information about your passport, health card, or driver’s license
  • Leave voicemails that are threatening or include personal or financial information
  • Use text messages or instant messaging like WhatsApp or Facebook Messenger
  • Set up meetings in public places to take payment
  • Send you an email with a link to your refund
  • Email you a link asking you to fill in an online form with personal or financial details

To determine if you are being scammed, look out for the following signs:

  • The caller tries to force you to make a payment or give up personal information like your bank details.
  • The caller uses aggressive language and threatens you. Real Canada Revenue Agency employees would never do this.

You can find more information about what the Canada Revenue Agency will and won’t do at the agency’s website. The Canadian government also provides samples of what these scams may look like, which you can find here. You should take a look at these samples, so if a scammer ever calls you, you know what to look for.

If you get a call and are not sure what to do, first make sure the caller is a real Canada Revenue Agency employee before you give out any information. If you get a call from the Canada Revenue Agency or from someone pretending to be them, ask for their full name, their work department, and office location. It’s important to write this information down somewhere. You can let them know that you would like to verify their identity first and hang up. If they refuse to give you this information, it is a scam.
mobile phone
However, if you do get the information, you can check if that employee is real by calling 1-800-959-8281. If you received a call about government programs, like student loans or employment insurance, you can call 1-866-864-5823. Call the number and explain that you were contacted by someone claiming to be a government employee and that you would like to confirm their identity before you share any information with them. The Canada Revenue Agency may call you, but this is usually after they have written to you. Whatever the case, it’s best to confirm that the person who contacted you is actually a government employee before giving out any information about yourself.

This is just one of the many scams that happen in Canada. The best defense against these types of scams is information. The more you know, the more protected you will be. You should learn more about the different types of scams there are as well as ways to identify and avoid them. The resources below are a great place to start and will help you protect yourself from being scammed.

If you think that you have been the victim of a scam, call the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre at 1-888-495-8501 as soon as you can and report what happened.

Resources:

Sample Scams:
https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/corporate/security/protect-yourself-against-fraud/sample-telephone-scam.html

What to expect from the Canada Revenue Agency:
https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/news/newsroom/tax-tips/tax-tips-2018/what-to-expect-cra-contacts-you.html

How to protect yourself from identity theft:
https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/corporate/security/protect-yourself-against-fraud.html

Other scams that target newcomers in Canada:
https://arrivein.com/finance/common-scams-that-newcomers-to-canada-should-know-about/

What to do if you were scammed?:
https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/corporate/security/protect-yourself-against-fraud.html

CRA Account Sign Up:
https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/e-services/e-services-individuals/account-individuals.html

Quebec

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Quebec

By Dana Hall

Posted on March 29, 2021

Quebec building

Official Language: French
Age of Majority: 18
Legal Drinking Age: 18

Getting a Health Card

Health care in Quebec is called RAMQ. In order to qualify, you will need to be in Quebec for at least six months of your first year in the province. You should apply within the first 15 days of arriving in Quebec. If your application is accepted, you will receive RAMQ at the start of your third full month in Quebec. This means that if you arrive on May 25, June and July will be your first and second full months in Canada, and your coverage will start on August 1.

It is recommended to have private health insurance during your first three months in Quebec.

  • If you are a student, you might be able to apply for RAMQ. This depends on where you are from. Quebec has a social security agreement with some countries. If you qualify, you cannot leave Quebec for more than 21 days at a time. You will need to answer these questions to know if you can apply.
  • If you have a work permit that is valid for more than six months, you can apply for RAMQ. If you qualify, you cannot leave Quebec for more than 21 days at a time. If your permit is less than six months, you can apply for RAMQ if:
    • You are participating in the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program
    • You are participating in the Temporary Foreign Worker Program and come from Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, or Mexico

To register for RAMQ, you will need to answer a few questions. When you are finished, you will be told which documents you need in order to apply. Most people will need to submit their immigration documents with two pieces of ID. One piece of ID will need to have a photo.

When you have all of the documents, you can call RAMQ and ask them to send you an application form. If you are in Québec City or Montréal, you can go to an office to get a form in person.

When your form is complete, visit a service point. Some service points will take your picture for your health card and charge a fee. Other service points will ask you to bring your own picture.

Driving Information

How to get a licence: The legal age to drive in Quebec is 16. Non-citizens will need to provide proof of their right to live in Canada for at least six months in order to qualify. To get started, fill out this form and register for a driving course that is recognized by the Association quebecois des transports. You will need to call 514-954-7771 (Montréal) or 1-888-356-6616 (elsewhere in Quebec) to schedule an appointment before registering for the course.

The course is divided into 12 modules and includes 24 hours of theory, 15 hours of driving lessons, and 12 self-study lessons. After you complete the fourth module, you will be allowed to take a test to get your learner’s licence. This will allow you to drive with someone who has had their licence for at least two years. You cannot drive between midnight and 5 a.m. and must have a zero-alcohol level at all times.

Your learner’s licence will cost $72.58 and is valid for 18 months. To get your licence, you will need the following documents:

  • You will need to provide two official documents, one of which must show your right to live in Canada such as a Canadian passport or a record of permanent residency.
  • Your second document will need to be an official identification such as a health card or foreign driver’s licence. At least one of these documents needs to have your photo.
  • You will also need confirmation from your driving school that you have completed up to phase four. If you are under 18, you will need to fill out this form and have it signed by a parent or guardian.

When you have had your licence for 10 months, you can register for a knowledge test which costs $11.70. It is recommended that you use the Quebec Driver’s Handbook to prepare. You can book the test online or by phone.

When you have had your licence for a minimum of 12 months and have passed the knowledge test, you can book your road test. You can book the test online or by phone. This costs $29.25. If you pass your road test, you will be granted your probationary licence, which costs $181.06. You must provide your own vehicle for the road test. If you do not pass the test, you will need to wait 28 days before taking it again.

You will have your probationary licence for two years. You will then be granted a full licence if you have kept a good driving record.

How to transfer a licence: When you move to Quebec, your foreign licence will be valid for six months. After this time, you will need to change it to a Quebec licence.

If your licence was issued by one of the following countries, you need to make an appointment by calling 514-954-7771 (Montréal) or 1-888-356-6616 (elsewhere in Quebec) to request that your foreign license be exchanged for a Quebec license. You can then go to a service outlet with your licence, proof of your right to live in Canada, and proof of address in Quebec. If the licence was obtained in the past three years, you will need to provide proof that you were a resident of the country where it was issued. The licence must be in French or English or have an official translation to accompany it.

  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • France
  • Isle of Man
  • Germany
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Switzerland
  • The Netherlands and the Dutch Antilles (Sint Maarten, Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, and Sint Eustatius)
  • Taiwan
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

If you are not from one of these countries and have had your licence for more than a year, you will need to take a knowledge test and a road test. If you pass both of these tests, you will be granted a Quebec licence. Please refer to the section above for information on how to book these tests.

If you have had your licence for less than a year, you will need to go through the official process for getting a licence in Quebec, which is outlined in the section above.

Quebec Public School Information

Children in Quebec can start school as early as age four, but it is not mandatory until age six. There are four levels of education. These four levels are also divided into cycles. Children and teenagers will need to take an exam at the end of each cycle to determine if they have achieved the expected outcomes.

Elementary school (Pre-kindergarten to Grade 6)

  • Preschool (pre-kindergarten and kindergarten): Ages 4–5
  • Cycle One (Grades 1 and 2): Ages 6–7
  • Cycle Two (Grades 3 and 4): Ages 8–9
  • Cycle Three (Grades 5 and 6): Ages 10–11

Secondary school (grades 7–-11)

  • Secondary 1 and 2 (grades 7 and 8): Ages 12–13
  • Secondary 3, 4, and 5 (grades 9, 10 and 11): Ages 14–16

Your child’s grade is determined by how old they will be on September 30. For instance, if a child turns six before September 30, they will be sent to first grade. If they are still five, they will be sent to kindergarten.

In Quebec, secondary school ends at age 16. Students are given a diploma and are not required to complete further studies. However, many students go on to complete CEGEP, a program that is unique to Quebec. CEGEP stands for Collège d’enseignement général et professionnel (in English, College of General and Vocational Education). The program is two years long and specializes in a variety of subjects. People who want to go to university must complete a CEGEP program unless they apply as a mature student. Students who take CEGEP can complete a university degree in three years.

If you are interested in homeschooling your child, please visit this website for more information.

Ontario

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Ontario

By Dana Hall

Posted on March 29, 2021

Province of Ontario

Official Language: English
Age of Majority: 18
Legal Drinking Age: 19

Getting a Health Card

Health coverage in Ontario is called Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP). OHIP starts on the day you apply. To be eligible, you will need to be in Ontario for at least 153 days of the year. During your first six months in Ontario, you can only leave the province for 30 days.

  • If you are a student, you cannot apply for OHIP. It is recommended that you get private health insurance during your time in the province.
  • If you have a work permit that is valid for at least six months, you can apply for OHIP.

To apply, you need to fill out the application form and submit documents to prove the following: your right to live in Canada, your identity, and your address. You can see a list of acceptable documents here.

You will need to apply in person at a Service Ontario location and have your picture taken.

Driving Information

How to get a licence:The legal age to drive in Ontario is 16. You earn your licence in three stages. The first thing you need to do is take a written test and pass an eye test. The test will ask questions about road signs and driving laws. You can buy a driving handbook to help study. You can take practice tests online to prepare.

When you pass your written test, you will be given a G1 licence. This allows you to drive with one other person who has had a licence for at least four years. You will have your G1 licence for one year. After a year, you can take a road test. If you take Driver’s Education, you only need to wait eight months to take your road test. Driver’s Education is recommended because it will teach you to be a better driver and give you discounts on insurance.

If you pass your road test, you will get your G2 licence. The G2 licence has some restrictions, which you can view here. You will have your G2 licence for a minimum of 12 months. After 12 months, you can take another road test. If you pass the second road test, you will be granted your full G licence. This licence allows you to drive cars, vans, and small trucks.

How to transfer a licence: If you have a licence from another country, you will need to transfer it to an Ontario licence. You should do this in your first 60 days of living in the province.

If your country has an exchange agreement with Ontario, you will only need to visit a Driver Test Centre to take an eye test and exchange your licence. If you live in Toronto, you can also go to the Service Ontario at Bay and College. The following countries have exchange agreements with Ontario:

  • Australia
  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • France
  • Germany
  • Isle of Man
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • New Zealand
  • Republic of Ireland
  • Switzerland
  • Taiwan
  • United Kingdom

If your country is not on this list, you will need to show that you have at least one year of driving experience by showing a valid licence. If your licence is not in English or French, you need to have it translated by a certified translator. The translation must have been completed within six months of applying for your Ontario licence. You will also need a letter from your home country’s driving authority that confirms that your licence is authentic. The letter must be written in English or French.

If you have more than two years of driving experience, you will need to take a written test to confirm that you know the driving laws in Ontario. If you pass, you can book a road test right away. If you pass the road test, you will receive a full licence.

If you have fewer than two years of driving experience, you will need to take a written test to confirm that you know the driving laws in Ontario. If you pass, you can book a G1 road test right away. If you pass this first road test, you will get your G2 licence. After a year with a G2 licence, you’ll need to take a second road test to get a full licence. For more information on this process, please see the “how to get a licence” section.

For more detailed information on the application process and to see a list of document you will need to bring to your appointment, click here.

Ontario Public School Information

Children in Ontario can start school as early as age four, but it is not mandatory until age six. These are the different levels of education in Ontario:

  • Junior Kindergarten and Kindergarten: Ages 4–5
  • Elementary school (Grades 1–6): Ages 6–11
  • Junior high school (Grades 7–8): Ages 12–13
  • High school (Grades 9–12): Ages 14–17

Your child’s grade is determined by the year they are born. For instance, everyone born in the year 2015 will go into Grade 1 in 2021. That’s because they will turn six in 2021. The school year starts in early September and goes until the end of June. There is a short break at the end of December that lasts for two to three weeks. This is called winter break. School starts again in January. There is another week-long break in March called march break.

If you would like to homeschool your child, you can visit the Ontario Federation of Teaching Parents for information on how to register.

Getting your social insurance number

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Getting your social insurance number

By Dana Hall

Posted on March 29, 2021

building with flag

A Social Insurance Number is also called a SIN. You will need a SIN in order to work and access government programs and benefits. A SIN is a nine-digit number and is unique to you.

How to apply

You can apply for your SIN online, in person at Service Canada stations, or by mail. There are even Service Canada stations in Toronto Pearson Airport and Vancouver International Airport, so you can apply immediately. You will need to have the right documents with you.

To apply in person, you need:

  • A primary document: This is a copy of your citizenship, residency card, work permit, study permit, or visitor record.
  • A secondary document: This is a copy of identification to prove your identity, like your passport. Any identification used that is not your passport will need to be issued by the Canadian government. This includes health cards and driver’s licences.
  • If you are below the “age of majority” and applying in person, then you don’t need a secondary document. These are the ages of majority in Canada:
    • Where the age of majority is 18:
      • Alberta
      • Manitoba
      • Ontario
      • Prince Edward Island
      • Quebec
      • Saskatchewan
    • Where the age of majority is 19:
      • British Columbia
      • New Brunswick
      • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • The Northwest Territories
      • Nova Scotia
      • Nunavut
      • Yukon

To apply online, visit this link. Use digital copies for your documents by scanning them. You will need:

  • A primary document: This is a digital copy of your citizenship, residency card, work permit, study permit, or visitor record.
  • A secondary document: This is a digital copy of identification to prove your identity. This will need to be your passport or identification from the Canadian government such as a health card or driver’s licence.
  • A digital copy of something to prove your address

To apply by mail, this is what you need:

  • An original primary document: This is a digital copy of your citizenship, residency card, work permit, study permit, or visitor record.
  • Your SIN application form: If you cannot print your form, call 1-866-274-6627 and they will send you one. If you are outside of Canada, you will need to call 1-506-548-7961 and pay the long-distance changes.

Applying with Children

If you have children, you will need to apply for a SIN on their behalf. If they are 12 or older, they can apply for a SIN on their own. You must be a legal parent or guardian in order to apply for a child’s SIN.

To apply for a child’s SIN in person, this is what you need:

  • An original primary document: This is the child’s proof of citizenship, residency card, work permit, study permit, or visitor record.
  • Your original primary document: You can also use your SIN if you have one already.
  • Your original secondary document: This is identification to prove your identity.

To apply for a child’s SIN online, these are the digital documents you will need:

  • A primary document: This is your child’s citizenship, residency card, work permit, study permit, or visitor record.
  • A secondary document: This is identification to prove your child’s identity.
  • Something to prove your address
  • Your own primary document
  • Your own secondary document

To apply for a child’s SIN by mail, these are the documents you will need:

  • An original primary document: This is the child’s proof of citizenship, residency card, work permit, study permit, or visitor record.
  • A SIN application form. If you cannot print the form, call 1-866-274-6627 and they will send you one. If you are outside of Canada, you will need to call 1-506-548-7961 and pay the long-distance changes.
  • Your own primary document

Applying with a changed name

If you have changed your name, you might need to show a document that explains why. This applies to online, mail, and in person applications. You only need to do this if the name on your first document is different than the name on your second document. Here are the documents you can show to prove your name change:

  • Certificate of marriage, record of solemnization of marriage, or a marriage statement
  • Certificate of divorce, divorce decree, or decree absolute
  • Legal change of name certificate
  • Adoption order (for adoptions within Canada)
  • Notarial adoption certificate (for adoptions outside of Canada)
  • Request to amend record of landing

If your child has changed their name, you might need to show a document that explains why. This applies to online, mail, and in person applications. You might also need to provide a document if you have changed your name. You can find a list of acceptable documents above.

Once you have your documents ready, you can go to this link and follow the instructions to submit your application.

Primary documents Secondary documents Proof of Address Application form
Applying in person Required Only if over the “age of majority” Not required Not required
Applying for your child in person Required: yours and your child’s Required: yours alone Not required Not required
Applying online Required Required Required Not required
Applying for your child online Required: yours and your child’s Required: yours and your child’s Required Not required
Applying by mail Required Not required Not required Required
Applying for your child by mail Required: yours and your child’s Not required Not required Required

Understanding health care in Canada

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Understanding health care in Canada

By Delaney Rombough

Posted by March 29, 2021

Medical appointment

In Canada, we have universal health care. This means that the health care system is paid for through taxes, and you don’t have to pay for most health-care services if you are a Canadian citizen or permanent resident. The Canada Health Act (CHA) is Canada’s federal legislation for public health insurance. The goal of the CHA is to “to protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers.”

Each province has its own health insurance plan, so your coverage may differ depending on where you live. Each province also provides free emergency medical services, even if you don’t have a government health card. In order to access health services, you will need a health card, which is issued by the provinces. You need to show this card in order to access health services. Note that there is often a waiting period of up to three months before you can apply for a health card. To learn more about how to apply for one, check out this article.

What’s covered

Medical services that are covered vary slightly from province to province. The Government of Canada provides access to basic health care services. Many provinces cover similar medical services such as:

  • Regular appointments with your family doctor
  • Visits to walk-in clinics
  • Visits to the emergency room
  • Medical tests (for example, x-rays and diagnostic procedures) and surgeries

emergency

Some provinces may also fully or partially cover things like prescription drugs and in-home care or offer services like eye care to children or seniors. It’s best to check your province or territory’s government health website for the most accurate and up-to-date information.

Getting extended health coverage

Unfortunately, not all health care is covered in the provincial plans. Things that are not usually covered include:

  • Dental care
  • Mental health services
  • Ambulance services
  • Physiotherapy, chiropractors, and massage therapists, among others
  • Vision care and hearing aids
  • Prescription medication
  • Some specialist doctors

Schools and employers often offer extended health insurance plans to their students and employees, respectively. Depending on where you work or study, you may be eligible for extended benefits that include some or all of the health care services not typically covered by the province. If you are covered by your employer or school, you will likely receive a card with a specific identification number that you just need to give to the receptionist at the doctor’s office. If you need a health insurance beyond what your employer or school offers, there are a lot of private insurance companies (Sun Life, Manulife, and Green Shield Canada are common) you can go to for private insurance plans.

Accessing health services

A family doctor is your primary health care provider. You should contact your family doctor if you have any health concerns. They can provide diagnosis and treatment for common illnesses or referrals to specialists. They can also do regular check-ups and provide you with prescriptions for medications. Provinces have different ways of helping you find a family doctor. For example, in Ontario, you can register with Health Care Connect, and in British Columbia, you can contact HealthLinkBC, and they will help you find a family doctor.

If you want to access other health care services like finding a dentist or a mental health therapist, you can easily do this on your own. You can either do an internet search for health professionals in your city or ask around for recommendations from friends, family, or coworkers. You can also ask your family doctor for help, and they might be able to point you in the right direction. If the service you are looking for has a regulatory body like dentists (the Canadian Dental Association) or physiotherapists (College of Physiotherapists), you can also visit their website to find practitioners in your area.

Indigenous terms and how to use them

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Indigenous terms and how to use them

By Michelle Boon

Posted on March 29, 2021

northern lights

Canada prides itself on being a multicultural country that welcomes all kinds of people. But Canada has a complicated and troubled history, especially with Indigenous communities. The rights and treatment of Indigenous people are ongoing topics of discussion in Canada.

Indigenous issues can be a sensitive topic, and there is specific language you should and should not use. This list of terms will help you better understand these topics on the news, in school, or when interacting with Indigenous people. You will also learn about how Indigenous culture has influenced English vocabulary.

Note that the following terms apply to Indigenous groups in Canada. The United States and Australia, for example, have entirely different vocabulary surrounding their Indigenous populations, or use the same words with different connotations.

Key Terms

Indigenous: Indigenous, with a capital “I,” is an adjective that refers to the first people of North America and their descendants. Uncapitalized, “indigenous” means anything that occurs naturally in a particular place, including plants and animals. Over 600 distinct groups of Indigenous people live in North America, including First Nations, Inuit people, and Métis people.

Aboriginal: Aboriginal is also an adjective for the original people of North America. This term and “Indigenous” are often used interchangeably by Canadians. Aboriginal was first defined by the Canadian government in 1982 and continues to be a term in government texts. Keep in mind that the term “Aboriginal” can be offensive to Indigenous people in Canada. It is not a word that Indigenous people choose for themselves, and the Latin prefix “ab” translates to “away from” or “not.” Therefore, Aboriginal literally means “not original,” the exact opposite of what it means to be Indigenous.

First Nations: First Nations refers to all Indigenous people who are neither Métis nor Inuit. Algonquin First Nations taught early colonists to North America how to make snowshoes.

Note: “Indigenous” is usually the most appropriate to use in an essay or when speaking generally, but this is also problematic. Indigenous,” “Aboriginal,” and “First Nations” refer generally to hundreds of communities with distinct names, languages, and traditions. When discussing Indigenous topics be as specific as you can. Research the name and territory of the Indigenous community you are talking about.

Inuit: Refers to Indigenous communities who live in the far north of Canada, America, Russia, and Greenland. To fight the brightness from the snow, Inuit people carved holes in ivory, bone, or wood to make snow goggles.

Métis: Refers to a cultural and ethnic identity that is a mix of Indigenous and European parentage. The Métis nation specifically refers to the community that originated in the Red River settlement and their descendants. Louis Riel is one of the most famous Métis history figures, known for leading the Red River rebellion.

Indian: Referring to Indigenous people as “Indian” is an outdated term that refers to Indigenous people. It can be considered offensive and racist. It is only appropriate when Indigenous people use it to refer to themselves and their community.

Settler: A settler is someone who moves to a different area to permanently live there. This applies to English, French, and European people who colonized Canada as well as their descendants. Newcomers are also considered settlers. Settlers to Canada signed treaties with certain First Nations which continue to impact Canadians today.

Colonialism: Colonialism is the process of taking control over another land or country. This usually includes claiming land ownership, populating the country with settlers, exploiting the land’s resources for economic gain, and imposing the occupier’s language and culture onto the local population. Canada was claimed and colonized by British and European settlers. Legally, the British crown still owns the majority of Canadian land.

Settler colonialism: A type of colonialism that seeks to replace the original population of the land with foreign settlers. Settler colonialism is a way of physically taking control over land, whereas other forms of colonialism dominate colonies from a distance. Canada is a settler colonial country. English, French, and other European people settled on Indigenous territory and never left. Other examples of settler colonial countries include Australia, the United States, and South Africa.

Reconciliation: Reconciliation is the process of improving the relationship between Indigenous people and the federal government, as well as settlers. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada—the former government organization that documented the history and impact of residential schools—outlined the steps necessary to achieve reconciliation: awareness of the past, acknowledgement of the harm inflicted, action to make up for that harm, and action to change harmful behaviour in the future. Reconciliation includes officially recognizing and honouring treaties and land rights, teaching Indigenous history from the perspective of Indigenous peoples in schools, investing in Indigenous communities, and much more.

Land Acknowledgement: This is a formal statement, commonly given at the beginning of a public gathering. It’s a way for settlers to recognize that the land on which they are holding the event belongs to Indigenous people. It is a small step toward reconciliation.

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Turtle Island: This is the name that many Algonquian and Iroquoian people use to refer to the continent of North America. Most Indigenous people do not identify as Canadian, and therefore refer to the land using this traditional name. This term stems from a creation myth. In the Objiwe version of this story, the earth is flooded, and a turtle’s back becomes the new land.

Two-spirit: This is the English translation of the Anishanaabemowin word, niizh manidoowag, which describes an Indigenous gender identity that is both masculine and feminine. Some Indigenous people use this term to identify as part of the LGBTQ community while also identifying as Indigenous. You may come across the acronym 2SLGBTQ in blogs or articles. The “2S” refers to two-spirit. Kent Monkman is a Cree artist who is also two-spirit. His feminine persona, Miss Chief Eagle Testickle, appears in performance and many of his paintings.

Words with Indigenous roots

English and French may be Canada’s official languages, but there are many common words that were transmitted from one of the many Indigenous languages.

Canada: Our country’s name stems from the Huron-Iroquois word kanata which means “village” or “settlement.”

Ontario: This province was also named from a Mohawk-Iroquois word: kanadario. This translates to “sparkling water” in English. Six provinces and territories of Canada are believed to be named after Indigenous words: Manitoba, Nunavut, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon.

Toronto: Toronto’s name was derived from the Mohawk-Iroquois word, tkaronto. This word means “where there are trees standing in the water” and was originally used to refer to the area near modern day Orillia. The Huron and other Indigenous communities would drive stakes or poles into the river to trap fish, creating a structure that literally looked like trees standing in water.

Ottawa: Canada’s capital city was named after the Algonquin word adawe, which means “to trade.”

Moose: When people think of Canadian animals, moose are near the top of the list. The name “moose” comes from the Algonquin word moosh, which means “stripper and eater of bark.” Indigenous people often named animals based on their actions and behaviours.

moose

Toboggan: A common activity for Canadians in the winter, the word “toboggan” stems from the Mi’kmaq and Abenaki words tepaqan and dabêgan and literally means “vehicle.”

Indigenous peoples coexist with Canadians and influence Canadian culture. Learning about Indigenous cultures and history is part of integrating into life in Canada. Understanding and knowing the right words can help with this process. To learn more about Indigenous history, check out this article about the Canadian government’s relationships with Indigenous peoples.

Notable women in Canadian history

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Notable women in Canadian history

By Dara Poizner

Posted on March 29, 2021

The contributions of women in any society are often overlooked in the history books. But even though they do not get as much recognition, Canada was shaped just as much by the actions of women as by men. Women have always been key to Canada’s history, as they continue to be key to Canada’s present and future.

This article discusses just a few of the many women whose stories are an important part of Canadian history. They all faced major challenges, often fighting for their rights and the rights of others. Some of them were born or lived parts of their lives outside of Canada—but like many people who have come to Canada from other countries, their contributions have had a lasting effect on Canadian society, culture, and government.

Laura Secord, War Heroine

Laura Secord (1775–1868), born Laura Ingersoll in Massachusetts, is famous for her actions during the War of 1812. Her father was American but moved to settle in Queenston in Upper Canada with his family. In 1797, Laura married James Secord, a Loyalist merchant. Loyalists were American colonists who supported the British during the American Revolution.

Laura Secord
Laura Secord
Photo Credit: Pascal Bernardon via Unsplash.com

James served for the British military during the War of 1812. He was seriously hurt in battle, and Laura took care of him at home while he recovered. In June 1813, Queenston was still occupied by American troops, so the Secords had to let some American officers stay in their home. Laura found out that the Americans planned to attack Lieutenant James FitzGibbon’s British troops at Beaver Dams. With her husband still injured, Secord left home on her own, taking a long trek to warn FitzGibbon. She walked through difficult land to avoid the Americans and met a group of First Nations men who helped her find FitzGibbon’s headquarters. In total, she walked about 30 kilometres. On June 24 (two days after Secord arrived with the news), the British troops and their First Nations allies were prepared for the attack, and the Americans surrendered.

Secord’s story has become a Canadian legend. Some of the details are still unknown: for example, it is not clear exactly how she learned about the plan, or whether she arrived to warn FitzGibbon before the First Nations scouts, who had also heard about the attack. Still, she is seen as a national heroine for her efforts to help defend against the American forces and is an iconic figure in early Canadian history. Even though it has no relation to her, nowadays many Canadians enjoy the chocolate and candy company named after Laura Secord, founded 100 years after her trek.

Agnes Macphail, Member of Parliament

Agnes Macphail (1890–1954) was a politician and journalist, and the first woman elected to the Canadian House of Commons and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. She was born in Grey County, Ont. to a farming family. Though she began her career as a schoolteacher, she became involved in politics while teaching in Sharon, Ont.

Agnes Macphail
Agnes Macphail
Photo Credit: Yousuf Karsh, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

In 1921, during the first federal election in which women had the right to vote, Macphail was elected to Parliament as the representative of South-East Grey County. In 1929, she was the first woman nominated as a Canadian delegate to the League of Nations. Macphail was a Member of Parliament for almost 20 years, before she was defeated in the 1940 election. In 1944, she became a Member of Provincial Parliament in Ontario.

Despite the many people who resisted the idea of a powerful female politician, Macphail accomplished many things in her career. She was a voice for rural citizens and the working class. She worked to change terrible conditions in the prison system as well as reduce the use of the military. She fought for women’s rights and helped pass Ontario’s first equal pay legislation in 1951. As the first woman to hold these major roles in the Canadian government, Macphail has left an important and lasting impact.

Jennie Trout, Physician

Jennie Trout (1841–1921) was the first woman licensed to practice medicine in Canada. She was born in Scotland, and her family moved to Ontario when she was six years old. She started her career in teaching but was inspired to pursue medicine after doctors helped treat her chronic illnesses. In 1869, she and her husband Edward moved into the Toronto home of Emily Stowe, a female physician who had studied medicine in New York and was practicing in Canada without a license.

Jennie Trout
Jennie Trout
Photo Credit: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

After fighting to be accepted, Trout and Stowe were the first women admitted to the Toronto School of Medicine in 1871, where they were treated poorly by male students and professors. Trout passed her qualifying courses in 1872, but no medical schools in Canada accepted female students at the time. She moved to America to study at the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania. She came back to Canada after graduating with her MD in 1875 and passed her exams with the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Ontario.

During her medical career, Trout opened a few clinics in Ontario that specialized in treating women and were mostly run by female staff members. She retired as a doctor in 1882 because the stress of her job was affecting her health. She dedicated her later career to promoting medical education for women in Canada. She was involved in the creation of the Women’s Medical College, a medical school in Kingston, Ont.

By becoming the first licensed female medical doctor in Canada and working throughout her later life to help other women work in the medical field, Trout contributed to the advancement of Canadian women in science.

The “Famous Five,” Activists

The “Famous Five” were a group of women’s rights activists who won the “Persons Case” (Edwards v. A.G. of Canada), which allowed women to be appointed to the Senate in Canada. Called the “Alberta Five” by the media at the time, the women were Emily Murphy (Canada’s first female judge), Henrietta Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, and Irene Parlby. Each of them had spent many years fighting for women’s rights, including the right to vote.

Nellie McClung
Nellie McClung
Photo Credit: M.O. Hammond fonds, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Section 24 of the British North America (BNA) Act of 1867 stated that “qualified persons” could be appointed to the Senate—but because of the way the Canadian government interpreted the word “persons,” women were excluded. In 1922, activists suggested Murphy for the Senate. She was denied by the government because the BNA Act “made no provision for women.”

In August 1927, Murphy invited the four other women to meet at her home in Edmonton. They organized a petition to the Supreme Court of Canada to reevaluate whether women could be appointed to the Senate. On April 24, 1928, the Supreme Court ruled that women were not “persons” under Section 24 of the BNA Act. However, the Five challenged the decision at the highest court of appeal at the time: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, England. On October 18, 1929, the Privy Council reversed the Supreme Court decision, so that the word “persons” would also include women. This, in turn, allowed women to be Senators as well.

The “Famous Five” have a controversial legacy. They advanced women’s political rights in Canada, but their activism excluded women who were not white or middle-class. The group is also associated with the eugenics movement. Murphy and McClung in particular supported laws that forced many people who were considered to have “inferior” genes to be sterilized, so they could not have children. People with disabilities and Indigenous women were especially targeted by these laws.

Although it only benefited women with privilege at the time, the “Persons Case” was a landmark victory that gave women much more influence in Canadian government. Due to the work of the Five, women were legally recognized as “persons” and in the future, could not be denied rights based on a narrow interpretation of the law.

Viola Desmond, Business Owner and Activist

Viola Desmond (1914–1965) was a businesswoman and civil rights activist. She was born in Halifax, where her parents were involved in many organizations as active members of the Black community. She was inspired by their leadership and wanted to become an independent business woman. Desmond opened Vi’s Studio of Beauty Culture. Later, she opened a successful beauty school to train and support employment for young Black women.

Viola Desmond
Photo Credit: Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

In 1946, Desmond was on her way to a business meeting when her car broke down, and she had to stop in the town of New Glasgow, N.S. while it was being repaired. She went to the Roseland Theatre to see a movie while she waited. The cashier didn’t want to sell her a ticket for a main floor seat and sold her a ticket for the balcony instead, which is where non-white customers were expected to sit. When she realized she was being refused for being Black, she decided to sit on the main floor anyway. Desmond was confronted by the theatre manager, who called the police when she did not leave her seat. She was arrested and held in a cell overnight.

In the morning, Desmond was taken to court and charged with a tax offense, even though she had tried to pay the one-cent tax to sit on the main floor. She was not given any legal information or representation and was fined $26. Even though the issue of race was not brought up in court, it was clear that this was the real reason for Desmond’s arrest and conviction. She received a lot of support from the Nova Scotia Black community to fight her conviction, but it was not reversed. After separating from her husband, she left her business and ultimately moved to New York City, where she died in 1965.

Desmond was already a community leader and entrepreneur when she made news for standing up against anti-Black racism. Although segregation did not legally end in Nova Scotia until 1954, Desmond’s experience and the community action that followed had a big impact on the fight for racial justice. Her story became much better-known decades after she died, thanks to her sister Wanda Robson. Desmond was given a pardon for her conviction and a formal apology by the government of Nova Scotia in 2010. In 2016, she was chosen to appear on the face of the $10 bill, making her the first woman to be featured by herself on a Canadian banknote.

Mary Two-Axe Earley, Activist

Mary Two-Axe Earley (1911–1996) was a Mohawk activist who fought for the legal rights of First Nations women and children. She was born on the Kahnawà:ke reserve in Quebec, and moved to Brooklyn, N.Y. when she was 18 to find work. There, she met and married Edward Earley, an Irish-American electrical engineer, and they had two children.

Two-Axe Earley helped change laws that discriminated against First Nations women, specifically the Indian Act, which was created in 1876 (see the article “Indigenous terms and how to use them” to learn more about language relating to Indigenous peoples in Canada). It has been changed many times since, but its goal was to force First Nations peoples to become more like Euro-Canadians by imposing many rules. The federal government uses the Act to manage status, a legal identity that applies to some Indigenous peoples in Canada. At the time, the Indian Act reflected the Victorian European idea that women were the property of their husbands, so status was determined by men: First Nations women would inherit status from their father, and then take their husband’s status if they got married. According to the Act, Status women who married a non-Status man would lose their status. These rules led to the oppression of Indigenous women both on and off reserves.

When Two-Axe Earley married, she lost her status. Legally, she could not live, own land, or be buried on the reserve where she grew up. At first, she was not too concerned. However, in 1966, a friend of hers—who had also lost status through marriage—died in her arms of a heart attack after being ordered to leave the Kahnawà:ke reservation and sell her house. Two-Axe Earley believed that the stress from being discriminated against contributed to her friend’s death, and she began to fight for the rights of First Nations women. When her husband died in 1969, she had to transfer ownership of her house to her daughter—who had gained status by marrying a Mohawk man—to return to Kahnawà:ke.

Two-Axe Earley started speaking and writing to create awareness about the mistreatment of women who were denied rights under the Indian Act. She founded the organization Equal Rights for Indian Women (later called Indian Rights for Indian Women). She petitioned the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, leading to a 1970 report recommending that the Act be changed, so it would not discriminate based on sex (the change was not accepted at the time). Two-Axe Earley faced challenges from many people, including the Kahnawà:ke band council. After the council used the Indian Act to try to evict her while she was attending the International Women’s Year conference in Mexico in 1975, she used the conference to gain publicity for the injustice, and the eviction notice was withdrawn.

On June 28, 1985, the Parliament of Canada passed Bill C-31. First Nations women who had lost their status through marriage would have it restored, and status was also given to children from those marriages. The following week, Two-Axe Earley became the first person to officially have her status restored at a ceremony in Toronto. She died on the Kahnawà:ke reservation in 1996. Because of the changes she had fought for during her lifetime, she could be buried on the reserve.

Two-Axe Earley’s decades of activism helped change Canadian laws that were oppressive to Indigenous women and children. She is recognized for her important contributions to the women’s movement in Canada.

To learn more about Two-Axe Earley’s life, check this video.

…and many more!

Collectively and individually, women have been responsible for important events and social change throughout Canadian history. Sometimes we need to make an extra effort to learn about the contributions of women in the past and present—it is worthwhile to get a more inclusive and honest perspective on Canadian society.

Tips on money management for kids

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Tips on money management for kids

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on March 29, 2021

Mother and daughter

Some parents give their kids a small amount of money every week or month. Some parents only give their kids money on special occasions like their birthday or a holiday. Either way, children should develop financial skills while they are young in order to make good financial decisions when they become adults. The last thing parents would want is for their kids to go into debt in the future or make other financial mistakes. On tips about how to tackle debt, check out this article by The Newcomer.

There are many ways you can educate your children in money management. You can provide a good example for your kids through the actions you take and emotions you show surrounding money. You can set up youth bank accounts for your children and help them think about the impact of their financial decisions when they decide to save, spend, or share their money. Keeping track of money is a great way for kids to learn responsibility and good financial habits.

Your relationship with money as a parent

If you don’t have a good relationship with money, then your children are unlikely to form a good relationship with it as well. As a parent, you have to examine your own views surrounding money, since you don’t want your child to repeat your mistakes.

Do you spend money whenever you feel down and regret your purchases later on? Do you find it difficult to stick to a budget? Do you find that you tend to keep a tight hold of your income? If you answered “yes” to any of those questions, you may need to develop a positive and balanced view toward money.
Wallet
Your children should understand that money is mainly a currency for necessities. It shouldn’t be used impulsively, irrationally, or emotionally. When kids ask for items that are not on your shopping list, instead of saying that you “can’t afford” those items, it is better for you to tell them that you are sticking to your shopping list. You can let your children know that your shopping list takes priority over impulse purchases that are unaccounted for (and not budgeted). If the items are not unreasonable, you can tell them to add those items to the list for next time.

Emphasize the intentional decision behind making a purchase instead of highlighting any lack of capital on your end. On the opposite side, don’t buy children whatever they want. They should not view money as dispensable but as something that requires careful planning and consideration.

Open a bank account for your child

The first thing you can do when your child is born is open a youth bank account for your child. Children often receive money as a gift from their relatives from the time they are born. If your kids do not receive any monetary gifts from relatives, then you can still put $20 in your children’s bank accounts every year on their birthdays as a gift. A bank account is a safe place to put money. As your kids get older and start earning money from awards and jobs, they can store it in their bank accounts. Once they are over the age of 18, they can invest their capital and put some of it in a Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA). To learn more about savings accounts, check out this article by The Newcomer.

Saving, spending, or sharing

You can introduce your children to the concept of saving, spending, and sharing their money at an early age. Since they would have most likely received some cash over the years from birthdays, you can let them know how much money they have, where it came from, how you saved it, and how much you will withdraw each month.

You can start off by withdrawing five dollars from their bank accounts each month and giving it back to your kids. Provide them with several options on how they can use it and teach them how to save, share, and/or spend it. You can tell them that they can save and share their money without spending it, but they cannot spend all the money, save all the money, or share all the money.

Begin by implementing a rule to help them develop the habit of saving and sharing their money. For example, of the five dollars they have, at least one dollar (20 per cent) should go into their savings and one dollar (20 per cent) should be shared, no exceptions. You can let them decide how to distribute the money they are going to share (give it to a homeless person, deposit it in your church’s collection basket, etc.). You want to encourage generosity and consideration for those in need. For their own spending, your children can purchase a small toy, candy, or other treat. You can give them clear jars or a piggy bank to store their savings.

Developing financial management

As your children’s savings increase, you can help your kids create a savings goal (e.g. have $20 in the savings jar to buy a t-shirt). Once their money goes above their savings goal, they can decide to make the purchase, but their savings should never be empty.

Whenever your children receive money, offer to place it in their bank account. Once your kids turn six, you can increase the monthly withdrawal to $10 and keep the same rules in place (with at least 20 per cent going into savings and sharing).

From the age of six on, introduce your children to the idea of keeping track of their own money (financial tracking). Give them a notebook in which to write the amount of money they save, spend, and share each month and have them practice basic calculations.

Once your children start working, you can trust them to manage their own bank accounts. Over the years, they will have developed financial responsibility. Now, you can talk to them about compound interest, the dangers of credit cards, and help them open up a savings account for bigger savings goals (like a college fund). Occasionally, check on them to see if they’re following the advice you gave them!

Shopping Tips: What to buy where

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Shopping Tips: What to buy where

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on March 29, 2021

clothes shopping

Stores in Canada may be different than the ones in your home country. There are stores that sell specific products, and there are stores that sell multiple types of products. You can shop at most of these stores either in-person or online.

Walmart (grocery and general merchandise)

Walmart is a low-cost, one-stop shop for all your basic needs. Walmart carries a wide variety of products including groceries, video games and DVDs, electronics, clothing, outdoor adventure and sports equipment, makeup and pharmacy products, office and arts and crafts supplies, and books. You can buy all of this at the lowest prices, and it’s very convenient.

Costco (grocery and general merchandise)

Costco is one of the biggest retailers in the world. Costco helps facilitate buying in bulk—you can purchase a large volume of items for lower prices. Here, you can purchase products such as housewares, groceries, electronics, pharmacy and optical, small kitchen appliances, and more. Costco also has its own gas stations at some locations. It should be noted that you need an annual membership to shop at Costco, which starts at $60 per year.

Old Navy (clothing)

Old Navy is a clothing store. It has clothes for the entire family from baby sizes to 4X plus-sizes for men, women, and kids. Their clothes are relatively low-cost, and there’s almost always a sale in-store or online, so you can find some great deals. Old Navy’s parent company is Gap Inc., which also owns the Gap and Banana Republic brands. Gap and Banana Republic stores are a bit more high-end and expensive.
clothes shopping

Winners (clothing)

Winners is a discount retail store that carries clothing and general merchandise. Here, you can find brand name clothing, shoes, bedding, and other high-quality products sold at discounted prices. You can find things for men, women, and kids. Winners doesn’t regularly keep the same items in stock; the items change over time. Once an item is gone, it might be gone for good. However, it’s a fun shopping experience because you never know what you’ll find. Winners currently does not have an online store.

Hudson’s Bay (department store)

Hudson’s Bay or The Bay is a Canadian department store chain that first opened in Winnipeg, Man. in 1881. This department store carries a wide variety of generic and name-brand products such as clothing, footwear, bedding and housewares, jewelry, and beauty products. In other words, you can do a lot of your shopping in just one store. Fun fact: The Bay designed the uniforms for the Canadian Olympic team in the past.
department store

Canadian Tire (general merchandise)

Canadian Tire is a Canadian retail company that sells a variety of different products. It primarily sells hardware, sports equipment, and housewares. The store also has an automotive department where you can purchase accessories and parts for your car. Some locations also offer auto repair and maintenance services, such as oil changes, tire changes, tune ups, and brake repairs.

Sport Chek (sporting goods)

Sport Chek is your one-stop-shop for all your sporting goods for men, women, and children. Here, you can buy anything from running shoes and workout wear to hockey sticks and basketballs. This store carries brands such as Nike, Adidas, and Under Armour; prices may vary depending on what you are looking for.

Bed Bath & Beyond (home goods)

Bed Bath & Beyond has everything you could possibly need for your home. It has things like bedding, towels, cutlery, kitchen appliances (like coffee makers and kettles), pots, pans, and storage. Bed Bath & Beyond also has a wedding registry service. A wedding registry is a service that allows engaged couples to create a list of items they’d like to get from the store to help guests with their gift selection. The store sells a variety of brands at a variety of price points. If you are on their mailing list, you can almost always get a 20 per cent off coupon.
sale rack

IKEA (furniture)

IKEA is an affordable, low-price furniture store. It carries everything from beds and mattresses to sofas to office desks and chairs. You can also find smaller home products, including cutlery, curtains, rugs, and pillows. It’s a great way to furnish your home at a low cost. However, you need to transport and assemble your items yourself or pay extra for delivery and assembly services. If you’re looking for nicer, better quality furniture, you can check out stores like Leon’s or The Brick.

Indigo (books)

Indigo is Canada’s largest bookstore chain and has operations across the country. It carries all your favourite genres of books—fiction, non-fiction, kids’ books, cookbooks, travel guides, magazines, and more. Indigo also sells related products like blankets, wall art, mugs, stationery, bags and totes, and e-readers. Most cities also have local independent bookstores.

Lowe’s (home improvement and construction)

Lowe’s is a home improvement and building materials store. You can get everything you need for your next home construction project including tools, lighting, plumbing, lumber, nails and screws, drywall, and paint. It also has a large garden centre that is open in the spring, summer, and fall. RONA and Home Depot also sell home improvement materials.

Staples (office supplies)

Staples is where you can find all your office and school supplies. It has the basics like pens, pencils, paper, staplers, and sticky notes, but it also has electronics including computers, printers, and headphones. The store also sells some office furniture like desks and office chairs. If it can be found in an office, it can be found at Staples.

PetSmart (pet store)

Your pets are part of the family, too. At PetSmart, you can get anything you need for your pets, no matter what pet you have. It sells food, toys, accessories, and grooming supplies.

These are just some of the many stores in Canada where you can shop to get what you need. Shopping malls and outdoor plazas have dozens of stores, so you’ll always be able to find something that you like and that is within your budget.

Immigrating to Canada: An overview of the various immigration programs

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Immigrating to Canada: An overview of the various immigration programs

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on March 29, 2021

Canadian flag and mountains

There are many different paths newcomers can take when immigrating to Canada. The path you take may depend on your education, work experience, skills, and family. It is important to note that there are application fees associated with applying for visas, permanent residency, and citizenship. Below, we outline some of the ways you can come to Canada and stay long-term.

Immigration routes

In order to apply for a visa, you can apply online on the Immigration, Refugee, and Citizenship Canada website or visit the nearest Canadian embassy or consulate. Visa requirements change often so check the Government of Canada’s website for the latest, up-to-date, information.

Work visas

Work visas or work permits allow you to legally work in Canada. The type of work visa you can get depends on your skills, education, and current occupation.

  • Employer-Specific Work Permits state the name of the employer, how long you can work, and the location of employment. Your employer must complete certain steps and provide you with a copy of a Labour Market Impact Assessment or a job offer. If you have a job offer from a Canadian company, your employer will assist with the visa paperwork.
  • Open Work Permits allow you to work for any employer in Canada with few exceptions. You can only apply for an Open Work Permit in specific situations, for example, if you are an international student who recently graduated, are a dependent family member or spouse of a permanent resident or international student, or if you are a refugee.
  • If you are 18–35 years old, you also may be eligible for a Working Holiday visa under the International Experience Canada. This visa allows you to travel around Canada and work at the same time. If you are coming to Canada to travel, you don’t need a job offer to apply for this visa.
  • Business professionals can come and do business under free trade agreements. For example, under the Canada-United-States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), citizens of Canada, the United States, and Mexico can gain quick and easy access to each country for business or investment reasons. The four groups of business people considered under CUSMA are:
    1. Business visitors (can stay a few days or up to six months)
    2. Professionals (work in a qualifying job, have a job offer, and have a work permit)
    3. Intra-company transferees (work for the same country in a different country)
    4. Traders and investors (need a work permit)

These same groups of people are often covered in free trade agreements with other countries.

Student visas

If you are studying at a Designated Learning Institution in Canada, you are eligible for a student visa. To apply for a student visa, you need the following:

  • Proof of enrollment or acceptance at a Designated Learning Institution
  • Identification
  • Proof of financial support: You must be able to pay for your tuition, your living expenses and that of any other family members who come with you, and return transportation for yourself and any other family members accompanying you
  • Have no criminal record and provide a police certificate
  • Be in good health and get a medical examination (if required)
  • Proof of departure once your study permit expires

The study permit indicates the length of the study period and the expiry date. Student visas usually allow students to work 20 hours per week during the school year and 40 hours per week during scheduled school holidays. Student visas also typically have a 90-day extension after the program ends, so students can prepare to leave after graduation, re-apply to extend their stay, or change their immigration status in Canada. To learn more about how to come to Canada as an international student, check out this article by The Newcomer

Family sponsorships

If you are currently living in Canada, you may be able to sponsor your family living overseas. To sponsor a family member or relative, you must be at least 18 years old and a Canadian citizen, a permanent resident of Canada, or a person registered in Canada as an “Indian” under The Indian Act. You can download an application package from the Government of Canada’s website to apply. If you sponsor a family member, you must:

  • Be able to support them (and their dependents) financially
  • Be able to provide them and yourself with basic needs (for example, food, clothing, shelter, etc.) upon arrival
  • Prove that they don’t require social assistance from the government

Family members coming to Canada via sponsorship must provide:

  • Documents such as passports, marriage or divorce certificates, birth certificates, national identification cards, or other civil documents
  • Medical exams and biometrics

Provincial Nominee Program

The Provincial Nominee Program is a program for workers who:

  • Have the skills, work experience, and education to contribute to a province or territory’s economy
  • Want to live in that province
  • Want to become permanent residents of Canada

Canadian flag
Each province has its own immigration programs that target certain groups (called “streams”) and requirements. For example, provinces and territories might target students, business people, skilled workers, or semi-skilled workers. The application process varies depending on the province and stream you are applying to. The paper-based process is as follows:

  • Apply to the province or territory for nomination under a non-Express Entry stream. Application packages are available on the Government of Canada’s website.
  • Meet the eligibility requirements.
  • Submit a paper application for permanent residence to Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada once you are nominated.
  • Pass a medical exam and get a police record check.

Express Entry

Express Entry is for skilled immigrant workers who want to become permanent residents of Canada. Skilled workers are chosen based on their skills and ability to contribute to Canada’s economy. Express Entry manages applications for three economic immigration programs: The Federal Skilled Worker Program, the Federal Skilled Trades Program, and Canadian Experience Class. The minimum application requirements for these programs are:

  • Skilled work experience
  • Language ability
  • Education

You may also be assessed on age, whether or not you have a valid job offer, English and/or French language skills, and adaptability (how likely you are to settle in Canada). These criteria are assessed on a points-based system out of 100. The highest-ranking candidates in the applicant pool are then invited to apply for permanent residency.

Self-employed visa

The Self-Employed Persons Program allows those who are self-employed in the arts or athletics to immigrate to Canada permanently. If you are interested in this program, you must have relevant work experience in athletics or cultural activities and be willing and able to contribute to the cultural and athletic life of Canada. Selection criteria for this program includes:

  • Relevant experience (at least two years)
  • Age
  • Education
  • Language ability
  • Adaptability
  • Medical exam and police record check for you and your family members
  • Ability and willingness to be self-employed in Canada

Start-up visa

Canada’s start-up visa program targets immigrant entrepreneurs with the potential to build a business in Canada that is innovative, can compete globally, and can provide jobs for Canadians. In order to be eligible for the start-up visa program, you must:

  • Have a qualifying business
  • Receive a letter of support from a designated organization
  • Meet the language requirements
  • Have proof of financial support

You will also need to provide biometrics, fill out the application package with the appropriate documents, complete a medical exam, and provide a police certificate.

Refugee and asylum

You can apply for refugee status from within Canada. Canada offers protection for some people who fear persecution or who may be at risk of torture, threat to their life, or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment in their home country. The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada makes decisions on refugee and immigration claims and determines whether you are a convention refugee or a person in need of protection.

  • A convention refugee — is a person who has a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, nationality, religion, political opinion, or identification with a social group (for example, women, LGBTQ+).
  • A person in need of protection — is a person who can’t return to their home country safely due to danger of torture, risk to their life, or risk of cruel and unusual treatment.

To file a refugee claim, you can send an email and start your claim online or go to a designated port of entry to make your claim in person. You will need to fill out an application form detailing your background, your family, and why you want to make a refugee claim. The Newcomer has an article with more information about programs and resources for refugees and refugee claimants.

Job-specific immigration pathways

If you have a specific job or work in a specific industry, there are options for visas that can put you on the path to permanent residency and citizenship.

  • Caregivers – If your job involves providing care for children, the elderly, or those with medical needs, or if you work as a live-in caregiver, there are options for you to immigrate to Canada and work temporarily in the country or become a permanent resident.
  • Agri-Food Pilot – The Agri-Food Pilot program was created to address the needs of Canada’s agri-food industry. Eligible industries and occupations include cattle ranching and farming, poultry and egg production, hog and pig farming, and similar industries. This pilot program is for full-time, non-seasonal jobs.

Region-specific immigration

Various regions of Canada also have specific immigration pathways in order to encourage immigrants to settle in different areas and contribute to the economic development of various communities and regions.

  • Rural and Northern Immigration Pilot – This program is community driven. Its goal is to encourage immigration to smaller communities by creating a path to permanent residency. Some of the participating communities include: Sudbury, Ont., North Bay, Ont., Timmins, Ont., Moose Jaw, Sask., Brandon, Man., and Vernon, B.C.
  • Atlantic Immigration Pilot – This program is for recent graduates who attended a school in Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, or Newfoundland and Labrador). You must receive a job offer from a designated employer in Atlantic Canada to participate in the program.
  • Quebec Selected Skilled Workers – This is a two-step application process for immigrant skilled workers who want to reside in Quebec and become permanent residents. Applicants must first apply to the Government of Quebec for a preliminary assessment. If Quebec accepts you, you can then apply to Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada for permanent residence.

Getting your permanent residency card

In Canada, a permanent resident is someone who lives in Canada but is a citizen of another country. Permanent residents in Canada can live and work anywhere in Canada, receive social benefits including healthcare, apply for Canadian citizenship, and receive protection under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Permanent residents can’t vote or run for political office. They may not be able to hold some jobs that require high-level security clearance. Permanent residents also have to pay taxes and respect laws at federal, provincial, and municipal levels.
airplane window
In order to apply for your permanent resident (PR) card, you need to have lived in Canada for 730 days in the last five years. PR cards are valid for five years and can be renewed. You also must carry your PR card with you when you travel or have a Permanent Resident Travel Document if you are outside Canada.

Applying for citizenship

Once you’ve lived in Canada as a permanent resident for three out of the last five years (1,095 days) and you’ve filed your taxes, you can apply to become a Canadian citizen. You have to fill out an application form with the appropriate documents, attend an interview, and pass a citizenship test.

The citizenship test consists of 20 multiple choice or true/false questions that test your knowledge of Canadian history, geography, symbols, laws, economy, and government. The Government of Canada recommends using their free official study guide, “Discover Canada: The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship,” to prepare for the test.

The last step in the process is to attend your citizenship ceremony. During the ceremony, you can expect to take the Oath of Citizenship, get your citizenship certificate, sign the Oath or Affirmation of Citizenship form, and sing “O Canada.” That’s it; congratulations, all your hard work and years of waiting has paid off. You are officially a Canadian citizen!

A first-generation Canadian’s business vision comes to life with eyewear store

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A first-generation Canadian’s business vision comes to life with eyewear store

By Russul Sahib
Photos courtesy: Crystalline Eyewear

Posted on March 29, 2021

eye exam

Opening a business is a risky move for anyone. Starting a business means investing countless hours of dedication and energy to making sure everything goes smoothly. Murtaza Janmohamed knows the realities of opening a business well. Since opening his eyewear shop, called Crystalline Eyewear, in 2011, he has seen a lot of success. However, he has not forgotten the difficult road he had to take to get there.

Janmohamed was born and raised in Kenya. When he completed high school, he moved to England to pursue an optician’s degree. After completing his program, he returned to Kenya where he opened his first eyewear store and eventually started a family. After having three kids, he and his wife decided to move to Canada in hopes of providing a better future for their young children.

In October 2001, Janmohamed and his family arrived in Canada. He recalls being shocked when arriving and having to adjust to new expectations.

“When you come to Canada, everybody talks about ‘Oh, you need Canadian [work] experience, and you need this, and you need that,’ In Canada, we do things differently, so I had to kind of go with that,” he said.

After the initial shock, Janmohamed worked hard to do everything required to practise as an optician in Canada. He went back to school to complete a course that updated his credentials and allowed him to work in Canada. While taking the course, he was given a student licence to work under a licensed optician.
trying on glasses
While his first job did not pay very well, Janmohamed took the opportunity in order to provide for his family.

“Basically, they were getting me as a fully-fledged optician with a lot of experience at a student rate [of pay],” he said.

Despite the pay, the optician who Janmohamed was working with had been very impressed by his work, so he referred him to another optician looking for a full-time employee. Janmohamed continued working both these jobs for 10 years before finally pursuing his ultimate goal of opening his own eyewear store.

Janmohamed had planned to open his own business in Canada for many years before he finally did. His inspiration was his father who was an entrepreneur back in Kenya. Between raising his children and paying his mortgage, he put his aspiration to open a business on hold until it was the right time.

“The inspiration was always there that, ‘Listen, one day I need to get my own business. I don’t want to be working for anybody,’” he said.

Although passionate about his dream to open his store, he encountered a few challenges at the beginning.

“The way that business is done in Canada is very different from the way we used to do it in Africa. One of the biggest things that needs to be done here is marketing. Marketing is the biggest component of your business in North America, but in Africa, the population is so much, and you don’t need to market. People just come to you,” he said.

With lots of trial and error and help from family and friends, especially with technology, Janmohamed was able to find useful marketing tools and began enjoying the rewarding parts of opening his business.
trying on glasses
“The most rewarding thing is definitely the financial part, more independence in terms of finances. The satisfaction of having my own business and being able to contribute to the economy because small business is a big part of our economy in Canada,” he said.

Despite all of his success, Janmohamed remembers what it took to get him to where he is today, and he believes other newcomers can also have the same opportunities.

“My advice to them is to persevere because at the end of the day, you will end up somewhere in this country … I sold everything [I had] before I came here [otherwise] I would have gone back within the first six months. But because I had nothing to fall back on, it was a beautiful thing for me to persevere,” he said.

Coping with stress in Canada

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Coping with stress in Canada

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on March 29, 2021

Stress

There were probably many times in your life when you felt stressed. You felt overwhelmed when you immigrated to Canada. You felt stressed when you weren’t able to find work. You felt stressed when you lost your job. You realized you were stressed when you argued with a coworker, family member, or spouse. You felt stressed when you watched the news.

Stress can be prevalent during major events (for example, attending a funeral, having a baby, or buying a house), during minor incidents, and during a pandemic. According to one report:

  • 33 per cent of Canadians have felt stressed “regularly”
  • 13 per cent of Canadians have felt stressed “all the time” because of the COVID-19 outbreak
  • 38 per cent of Canadians have felt stressed only “occasionally”

A little bit of stress can be normal and even help motivate you, but chronic stress—a prolonged feeling of stress as a result of constant exposure to difficult situations—can negatively harm you physically, mentally, and emotionally. Many individuals, especially students, may have the misguided belief—defined as “stress culture”—that they are not working hard if they are not stressed and that stress equals success. However, stress does not equal success. In fact, it can reduce your quality of life and increase your health risks.

We’ll take a look at signs that you are overstressed, provide ways you can prevent, lessen, or manage your stress, and point you toward resources in Canada you can use to help you cope with it.

packing a suitcase

Signs of stress:

You may feel:

  • Angry, shocked, irritable, frustrated
  • Sad, worried, restless, anxious
  • Unable to focus, organize, or motivate yourself

You may experience:

  • Headaches
  • High blood pressure
  • Chest, muscle, or back pain
  • Diarrhea, constipation, indigestion, nausea, or vomiting
  • Issues with irregular or heavy menstrual periods
  • Loss or increase of appetite
  • Problems with memory or concentration
  • Negative thinking
  • Loss of energy, interest, and enjoyment in things you formerly enjoyed

What you can do:

Here are things you can do to prevent, alleviate, and manage stress.

1. Keep a journal and stay organized

Write down your daily thoughts and feelings. Figure out what makes you feel stressed and what you can do to solve or manage those issues. Plan a weekly schedule of activities and tasks. Try to finish important tasks ahead of time.

2. Exercise regularly

Exercise can clear your mind, help you relax, and improve your strength, stamina, and self-image. Endorphins, which are released during exercise, lift your mood. Check out this article on tips to overcome barriers to physical fitness.

3. Follow a healthy diet

A healthy diet consists of eating lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grain foods, and plant-based protein foods, and drinking water. When you eat a healthy diet, you ward off the negative effects of stress by boosting your immune system and lowering your blood pressure (which helps you avoid heart attacks, strokes, and other serious health problems). Healthy foods not only nourish your body, but they also deliver nutrients to your brain, reduce inflammation, and help improve your mood. A healthy diet can make you feel at your best physically and emotionally. For more on this topic, The Newcomer has an article on how to make healthy food choices.

4. Sleep well

Sleep allows more blood to reach the muscles, which helps your body recover from stress. To sleep better, you can create a sleep schedule and avoid electronics, alcohol, or caffeine close to your bedtime.

sleeping

5. Get some sunlight and fresh air outside

Nature has a positive effect on mental health and reduces stress. Spending time outdoors can lower levels of the stress hormones: cortisol and adrenaline.

6. Meditate or pray

Meditation is a way of focusing your thoughts and attention to relax your mind and body. You can meditate by finding a quiet space, getting comfortable, closing your eyes, and focusing on a single word, phrase, object, or your breath. Prayer can also help you relieve stress by strengthening your faith, recognizing your blessings, and giving you a sense of emotional support.

Meditation

7. Speak to supportive family members or friends

Supportive family members and friends can talk you through difficult issues, provide feedback or advice, or just be a listening ear if you need a venting session. Speaking to them can help you understand your thoughts, feelings, and emotions in a healthy way to reduce stress.

Resources in Canada

If you seek further help (counselling, therapy, etc.) from mental health professionals, you can also contact a therapist, psychiatrist, or psychologist in Canada. Below are links to Canadian resources for programs and professional support for stress.

A brief history of the relationship between the Canadian government and the Indigenous peoples of Canada

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A brief history of the relationship between the Canadian government and the Indigenous peoples of Canada

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on March 29, 2021
totem pole

Trigger Warning: This article includes stories about child abuse, death, and forced displacement.

The Early Times

According to Historica Canada, Canada’s largest organization dedicated to raising awareness of the country’s history and citizenship, the first reported presence of humans in the northern part of North America (modern-day Canada) dates back to 18,000BCE–10,000BCE. In Canada, the descendants of these humans are referred to as the Indigenous people of Canada. The Indigenous people of Canada are not just one group of people but many different nations and groups. These groups include the First Nations, the Inuit, and the Métis.

Estimates about the exact number of Indigenous people living in Canada before continued contact with the Europeans vary. Some estimate that there were around 350 000 to 500 000 while others estimate that the population was as high as 2 million.

The beginning of the relationship between the Canadian government and the Indigenous people of Canada started with the first interactions between European settlers and the different Indigenous groups across Canada. At this time (around 1500 CE), many European countries were coming to North America in pursuit of riches and resources.
Canadian flag
The European settlers who came to Canada believed in the doctrine of discovery, a law that was used to support colonization. The doctrine of discovery basically stated that European settlers have the right to claim lands on behalf of their countries if these lands are not inhabited by Christians. This doctrine was the foundation of discriminatory and racist practices against Indigenous people by European settlers. This foundation is still used in modern day court cases to further deny Indigenous people of their rights and squash land disputes.

When these European settlers arrived in North America, they began to interact and form relationships with the Indigenous people. European settlers sought help from the Indigenous people’s expertise navigating North America. In return for their knowledge and assistance, Indigenous people received European goods and weapons.

Mutually beneficial partnerships were formed, and agreements such as treaties were made. These partnerships created rich markets like the fur trade, which involved European settlers and different Indigenous groups across Canada. However, this relationship began to weaken because European hunters took an unsustainable amount of resources from Indigenous communities to increase their profits.

The Indigenous people of Canada were also crucial allies of French and British settlers who fought for control of the territory that is modern-day Canada. These partnerships were not always peaceful, and the interactions resulted in the death of many Indigenous people, as they were infected with diseases like smallpox, tuberculosis, and measles.

In 1763, the Seven Years War ended, and the French transferred their territories in Canada over to the British. That same year the Department of Indian Affairs was created by the British settlers, and government officials called Indian Agents became the main point of contact between the Canadian government and the Indigenous people of Canada.

Shortly after this time, the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the settlers changed immensely. Until this point, their relationships had been based on shared business and military interests. But as the landscape of North America changed, their relationship changed too. After the American Revolution (1775– 1783), Canada received a wave of 30 000 British loyalists as well as many Indigenous people whose land had been taken from them and who were now looking for new homes. The government struggled to accommodate these requests for land and gave Indigenous lands to these new settlers. Meanwhile, Indigenous people were given territory already owned by or ceded to existing Indigenous groups. The Tuscarora-Iroquois, who left the United States, were placed with the other five Iroquois Confederacy tribes in just a small percentage of the land they were promised in the Haldimand tract.

Despite this, Indigenous nations still fought alongside the British during the War of 1812. Indigenous people played a significant role in defending Upper Canada, and over 10 000 Indigenous people died in this war. The British government promised to compensate Indigenous people for their efforts in the war and return all lands, possessions, rights, and privileges to Indigenous people affected by the war, but these promises were ignored.

After the War of 1812, new settlers demanded land which led to further displacement of Indigenous nations, as their land was increasingly used for European settlement. Indigenous land was also given away for free to attract more settlers. Also, now that the threat of invasion was gone from the French and Americans, the government no longer had any interest in maintaining military alliances with Indigenous people. Plus, the Hudson’s Bay Company, the biggest fur trading company in North America at the time, cut Indigenous people out of their chain of transactions in the fur trade. Due to these changes, there was no need to maintain a commercial or military alliance with Indigenous people.
Hudson's Bay Company
The relationship quickly changed from one of alliance and partnership to something more sinister. The government began to view Indigenous people as “dependants” and believed their existence slowed down Canada’s progress and expansion. The different laws passed at the time reflect this perspective. The Gradual Civilization Act (1850) offered 50 acres of land to Indigenous people who chose to abandon their traditional lifestyle and culture to adopt a Western way of life.

This desire to change and assimilate Indigenous people was an ever-present goal of European settlers, but this goal became clearer now that the help of Indigenous nations across Canada were no longer needed for their growth.

Confederation of Canada and the Numbered Treaties

On July 1st, 1867, three colonies united to become the Dominion of Canada. The Dominion of Canada would now have its own government and systems, under the British monarchy. During this process, Indigenous people were not invited to participate, and their rights to land and resources were overlooked.

After Canada united, the government began signing treaties with Indigenous people in an official capacity. These treaties were agreements between Indigenous people and the Canadian government. Between 1871 and 1921, the government signed 11 numbered treaties with the Indigenous people. These treaties set aside reserve lands for Indigenous people, granted them annuities (annual payments), and gave them the continued right to hunt and fish on unoccupied Crown lands in exchange for Aboriginal title. They also promised things like setting up schools for Indigenous children on reserves and providing them with farming, hunting, and fishing equipment. These treaties covered a large portion of Canada except for areas such as British Colombia and large parts of Ontario and Quebec. This land is considered to be unceded, which means that Indigenous people did not legally sign away their rights to this land.

At this time, many Indigenous nations suffered from poverty and poor living conditions as a result of the increasing European settlement and the loss of their traditional way of life. The Indigenous leaders signed these treaties in hopes of securing a better life for themselves and their descendants. It’s also worth mentioning that many Indigenous leaders did not understand the true meaning of the agreements they were signing. The written documents were not translated properly for the Indigenous leaders, and as a result they were tricked into signing documents they did not fully understand. Sadly, most of the promises the Government made to Indigenous people in these treaties are still unfulfilled, and the living conditions for Indigenous people across Canada continue to worsen.

The Indian Act

Shortly after Confederation, The Indian Act was created. This act is the primary law the Canadian government uses to control First Nations people and still affects their communities today. At first, The Indian Act did not include the Inuit and Métis despite them also being the first peoples of Canada. However, the Government of Canada had other departments, such as the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, which were used to control and assimilate different Indigenous groups like the Inuit.

The Indian Act is just one example of how the Canadian government uses the law to control Indigenous people. The Indian Act was changed nearly every year from 1876 to 1929. These changes focused on assimilating Indigenous people by breaking down their culture and livelihoods. Scholars such as William B. Henderson, an attorney and writer who specializes in Indigenous law, said the Act has enabled “human rights violations and social and cultural disruption for generations.”

1. Residential schools

The Indian Act legislated residential schools in Canada. Residential schools, which were operated by churches in Canada, were designed to forcefully assimilate Indigenous children into Canadian culture. The children were taken from their homes and sent to these boarding-style schools, where they were forced to abandon their traditional ways of life and culture. Children were forbidden from acknowledging their heritage or speaking their language. The schools also renamed the children and cut their hair.

Many horrible things also happened in these schools. Many children were physically, emotionally, sexually, and psychologically abused, and many died horrible deaths at these places. The living conditions at these schools were so horrible that some children died trying to escape them such as Chanie Wenjack.

Indigenous children were given low-quality education, and they were only taught until Grade 5. They were trained in manual labor jobs such as farming, domestic work, and woodwork. Many attended school part-time and worked for the school for free the majority of the time.

These schools disrupted Indigenous communities and broke down the family structure. Indigenous Foundations, an organization at the University of British Columbia dedicated to Indigenous history and learning, discussed this in more detail on their website, saying that “because they were removed from their families, many students grew up without experiencing a nurturing family life and without the knowledge and skills to raise their own families.”

The last residential school closed in 1996, but many Indigenous people are still facing the damaging effects left behind by these schools today. This is a dark part of Canada’s history, but it wasn’t the only injustice caused by The Indian Act.

2. Banning Indigenous cultural practices and forms of government

This Indian Act also banned important First Nations cultural practices such as the potlatch and the powwow. These were fundamental aspects of the Indigenous way of life and spirituality.
Indigenous dancers
The Act also removed traditional Indigenous governance and political structures, forcing Indigenous people to implement political organizations approved by the colonists. Women, who once had a crucial role in these systems, were banned from participating.

3. Making decisions regarding the tribes without tribal input

The Indian Act created a status system that decided who was given “Indian Status” without input from Indigenous nations. They used this power to decrease the population of people with Indian Status. At one point in time, women who married non-status people lost their Indian status along with their children.

The Act also gave Indian Agents the power to make decisions for Indigenous people and communities which were often oppressed. For instance, Indian Agents banned the butchering of cattle during times of hunger and prevented the sale of beef, grain, and bison without their approval.

These are just some of the many ways that The Indian Act was used to destroy Indigenous culture and way of life, but there are many more that exist.

Sadly, The Indian Act still exists to this day, and the discriminatory view of Indigenous people by the government and Canadians also still exists.

Many Indigenous people are living in poor conditions in communities with no clean water, housing, or jobs right here in Canada.

Conclusion and further reading:

The relationship between the Indigenous people of Canada and the government has been one marked by loss, discrimination, and broken promises. Many Indigenous people refer to the actions and policies carried out by the Canadian government as “genocide,” as these actions wiped out entire communities and ways of life.

As someone living in Canada on the traditional territories of these Indigenous groups, it’s important to acknowledge the stories and the continued struggle of Indigenous people in Canada. We hope that this information will help you gain an understanding of the relationship between the Indigenous people of Canada and the Canadian government.

This article did not cover many of the events that impacted Indigenous people in Canada. If you’re interested and would like to learn more, you can check out these resources below. This article provides a list of Indigenous terms and its definitions and explains how to use them.

Canadian Encyclopedia:
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people

What is colonization?:
https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationfoundations/chapter/43/

What is the doctrine of discovery?:
https://united-church.ca/social-action/justice-initiatives/reconciliation-and-indigenous-justice/doctrine-discovery

Key Issues for Indigenous People in Canada:
https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/8-key-issues-for-indigenous-peoples-in-canada

What was the sixties scoop?:
https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/sixties_scoop/

What were residential schools?:
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/residential-schools

The Fur Trade in Canada:
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fur-trade

The Indian Act:
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act

What is Indian Status?:
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-status
https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1100100032463/1572459644986

Who are the First Nations?:
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations

Who are the Inuit?:
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inuit

Who are the Métis?:
https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/section/metis/

Timeline of Indigenous Relations in Canada:
https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/a-brief-timeline-of-the-history-of-indigenous-relations-in-canada

Indigenous People of Canada:
https://www.facinghistory.org/stolen-lives-indigenous-peoples-canada-and-indian-residential-schools/historical-background/who-are-indigenous-peoples-canada

Historic Treaties in Canada:
https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028574/1529354437231

Information on Missing and Murdered Indigenous women:
https://www.nativewomenswilderness.org/mmiw

Genocide and Indigenous people of Canada:
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/genocide-and-indigenous-peoples-in-canada

The Truth & Reconciliation Committee:
http://nctr.ca/reports.php

5 things you should do as soon as you arrive in Canada

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5 things you should do as soon as you arrive in Canada

By Dana Hall

Posted on March 29, 2021

There are a few things you need to do when you arrive in Canada. Having a visa lets you live here, but you also need to register to work and to get health care. You will also need a provincial driver’s licence if you can drive. Other things, like opening a Canadian bank account and getting a cellphone plan will help you get established in Canada as quickly as possible. This article will give you information on how to do all of these things.

Canadian flag

1. Getting your Social Insurance Number

Getting a Social Insurance Number (SIN) is a requirement to work in Canada. When you get a job, you need to provide your SIN to your employer, who will disclose it to the government. It will be used to track your income and determine your taxes. It will also give you the ability to apply for government benefits.

The Newcomer has an article on how to get your Social Insurance Number, see this article.

2. Apply for a health card

In Canada, visits to the doctor and hospital are free. To get free health care, you need to apply for a provincial health card. The instructions to apply depend on the province you live in. You should register for health care as soon as you can.

It is important to know that visits to the dentist, optometrist, and physiotherapist are not free. You will need to pay for these services if you make an appointment.

To learn more on health cards, visit this article.

3. Transfer your driver’s license

If you are planning on driving in Canada, you will need a Canadian driver’s license. You cannot use a foreign license for more than 60 days in most provinces. The process to transfer your license is different in every province, so please refer to your province’s official website for more information.

Please refer to the following guides to learn more about how to get a health card and driver’s licence in your province.

4. Get a bank account

Opening a bank account in Canada is easy. You will need two pieces of identification. One of these needs to be issued by the Canadian government. If you are a permanent resident, you can use this as your official Canadian identification. If you are not a permanent resident, it is a good idea to apply for your SIN. Your SIN card is issued by the government and counts as an official Canadian document.

This website outlines three different ways you can apply. They are listed as “Option 1,” “Option 2,” and “Option 3.”

Some banks will let you open a bank account online. If you do this, you will need to agree to having a background check by a credit bureau. A credit bureau is a company that looks at your credit history and provides this information to your bank. Some credit bureaus might not be able to run a background check for countries outside of Canada, in which case you should apply in person. To do this, you will need to make an appointment with a bank of your choice.
Here are some of Canada’s largest banks:

5. Get a cellphone plan

Be prepared to pay a lot of money for a phone plan. Canada has some of the most expensive cellphone rates in the world. They are so high that the government is trying to force phone companies to make them cheaper!

Most newcomers will need to get what is called a “prepaid” phone plan. This is when you pay for your plan at the start of each month. This gives you a set amount of data and calling minutes. Once your data and calling minutes run out, you need to pay again. These plans are often more expensive than a “postpaid” plan.

A postpaid plan is when you pay for your services at the end of the month. If you use more data and calling minutes than you are allowed, you will be charged extra. This means that your phone service will never be cut off.

To get a postpaid phone plan, you will need a Canadian bank account, Canadian address, and a credit history. A credit history is a record of your ability to pay bills on time. You will need to live in Canada for a little while before you have a credit history. This is why most newcomers cannot get a postpaid plan right away.

Here are the most popular cell phone companies in Canada:

Please refer to this article to find out more about cellphone plans.

Moving to a new country can be overwhelming, but following these five steps will help you help you get your life started in Canada. It’s a lot of paperwork, but it’s worth it.

Hobbies you can do from home

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Hobbies you can do from home

By Dana Poizner

Posted on March 29, 2021

Leisure is important for our health. We all benefit from having spare time to do the things we enjoy, whether those hobbies are relaxing, creative, or both.

These days, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many people are spending more time at home than ever. For a lot of us, that means watching TV and movies or playing video or computer games in our free time—and while these things are fun, we might also be looking for something new to try. Here are a few ideas for activities you can do from home. Many of them are affordable or even free and easy to get started with using online resources or books.

Home fitness

With gyms closed, people are mostly exercising at home. Fortunately, there are so many online workouts that don’t need equipment. Now might be the time to pick up a new physical activity like yoga, boxing, Pilates, or dance. You can try different activities to learn what you enjoy.

YouTube is an easy place to find a huge variety of workouts. There are also some free fitness apps like Nike Training Club or 7 Minute Workout, and many other apps available at a cost. Your local fitness studios may also be offering virtual classes with free trial sessions.

Cooking and baking

Everyone needs to eat, so cooking can sometimes feel like more of a chore than a fun activity. But people do find ways to enjoy cooking and baking. (Step one: make food you like to eat!) Millions of recipes are easily searchable online, or you can experiment and create your own. If you’re new to cooking or baking, it’s helpful to start with simple recipes. As you become more experienced, it’s fun to try new techniques and ingredients. Make something inspired by a dish you saw in a movie or try a recipe that resembles your favourite takeout meal. It doesn’t have to be complicated: You can cook one-pot meals (which makes cleanup faster) or just try a dish that’s different from your regular diet.

Cooking can be a social activity. For company, you can cook with people in your household, or set up a video call with someone you don’t live with and make the same recipe. You can also follow along with YouTube tutorials, so you’ll be entertained while you cook.

The best thing about this hobby? You can eat the results!

Plant care

Houseplants brighten up any living space and caring for them can be relaxing and rewarding. The website Plant care for Beginners has guides for how to take care of starter plants.

Plants can be practical as well as a nice way to decorate your home. Save some money at the grocery store by growing herbs indoors to use in cooking. Aloe vera grows very easily, and it can be used to soothe sunburnt or irritated skin.
Plants

If you have a yard, you could consider planting an outdoor garden with flowers, herbs, and vegetables. To get started, do some research online or get advice from a local garden centre, and find out which plants grow well in your climate. To learn more about gardening and plant care, check out this article on how to grow and maintain plants indoors and outdoors.

Needlework

Knitting and crocheting are relaxing hobbies, as they give you the chance to make something with your hands. You can make a blanket, a scarf, or other warm items for the cold Canadian winter.

There are easy tutorials in books and online, like these articles on How to Knit for Beginners or How to Crochet for Beginners, which include pictures and videos. As you get more practice, you can try using different patterns and types of yarn. Craft stores often have pamphlets with free patterns, and of course there are a lot of patterns online.

Writing

Writing for fun requires very few materials—just a pen and paper or a computer. There are thousands of ideas online for inspiration, like these creative writing exercises for beginners.

Creative writing is not the only option. Many people keep a personal journal to record their thoughts and feelings. You can write about anything, which sometimes makes it hard to decide what to write about. If you’re stuck, try using journal prompts. For example, you could write about your day, a moment from your past, or a trip you want to take in the future.

Virtual museum tours

During the COVID-19 pandemic, we can’t travel or even visit most of the attractions in our area, but there are ways to enjoy educational and cultural experiences from home. Many art, history, and science museums around the world offer free virtual tours, including the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., the Louvre in Paris, and the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Catalonia.

For animal lovers, many zoos and aquariums also have virtual tours and live cameras, like The Houston Zoo, the San Diego Zoo, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium. They live stream the animals in their habitats, so you can see what the polar bears, jellyfish, or gorillas are up to from the comfort of your couch.

Arts and crafts

There are countless art projects you can do from home. For beginners who want guidance, there are drawing and painting tutorials online or in craft books. Colouring for adults has also become a popular hobby over the last few years. You can buy a book of designs to colour in or find printable colouring pages online.
Painting
A scrapbook is a blank book that you fill with collected paper items and decorate. If you have photos, newspaper clippings, tickets, or cards, this is a fun way to keep them organized and in good shape. Scrapbooking materials from craft stores can be expensive sometimes, but there are creative ways to keep this hobby affordable. Online resources like this “Scrapbooking on a Budget” list have tips for how to decorate your scrapbook without buying too many expensive supplies.

Reading

Reading is a classic hobby. When so many of us are spending most of our time at home, it’s a great way to experience a different world.

Most cities in Canada have public libraries. If you have a library card, you can borrow books and other resources for free (just make sure they’re returned on time!). During COVID-19, some libraries offer curbside pickup for people who want to borrow print materials. Many libraries (like the Toronto Public Library also have digital resources, including ebooks. Check your local library’s website to see what services they offer. You can also find a wide range of digital reading materials for free, including some from Canadian libraries, at Internet Archive (an American non-profit digital library).

With so much choice, it may be hard to decide what to read. Many libraries have a list of book recommendations for different interests and reading levels. You can also talk to a librarian or bookstore employee for more personal suggestions.
Reading as part of a family

If you want to make your reading experience more interactive, you can join a virtual book club, or even start your own with some friends or coworkers. If you decide to start your own, do some research, choose a book, and set up a virtual meeting time. The club can be as formal or informal as you like. You can try:

  • Coming up with discussion points for participants to share their thoughts
  • Using a quiz app to create questions and test the participants’ knowledge of the book
  • Picking a book with a movie or TV adaptation to watch and comparing it with the book

Reading can also contribute to many other hobbies: Consider using cookbooks, crafting books, or books about history and science as part of your other activities.

Activities to do with kids

Several of these activities can also be made kid-friendly. Art, cooking, reading, and exercise are all great for engaging your kids and will help them stay healthy and teach them valuable skills.

This article describes some organized social activities that kids in Canada participate in. During COVID-19, many people are entertaining their kids at home, and a quick internet search will bring up plenty of ideas. You might try searching for:

  • Easy craft ideas and instructions – These crafts for kids are arranged by theme, and some even use natural materials that you can find outdoors, like leaves.
  • Recipes for adults and kids to make together or recipes for kids to make by themselves – Check out general tips for cooking with kids of different ages for ideas on how to get them involved in the kitchen.
  • Books to read aloud together – Reading together is an excellent way to spend quality time and can help parents be more aware of the things their kids might be learning. If you are new to Canada and English is not your first language, reading English language books with your kids can also help you build your own English skills.
  • Exercises that will help kids be active while having fun
  • Fun educational materials and activities for kids – Kids who are interested in art, history, or science may enjoy the virtual museum tours. For the ones who love animals and nature, the San Diego Zoo Kids website offers fames, stories, videos, and more.

Health Cards: What they are and how to get them

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Health Cards: What they are and how to get them

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on March 29, 2021

blood pressure

Here in Canada, the government offers free health care insurance to Canadian residents, which cover a wide range of medically necessary services. Each province and territory in Canada has their own health insurance plans that allow its residents to access health services such as hospital and doctor visits. In order to access these services, you need a health card. This article will explain how you can get a health card and what it covers.

What is a health card?

Universal health care is the term used to describe Canada’s health care system. This system gives everyone equal access to health care services and makes it possible for each province to have their own health insurance plan. These insurance plans are paid for by the government with tax money. To access these benefits, you need a health card. You can apply for one once you gain residency in Canada.

Health cards provide access to services that are covered by the government. However, there are different types of health insurance plans that you can also qualify or sign up for. If you’re a post-secondary student, you’ll typically be enrolled in a health plan through your school. If you’re an employee, you also usually receive health coverage through your job. Check with your school and/or job to see if they provide you with any insurance plans. You can also sign up for private plans offered by private insurance firms. You can select the type of coverage you want in exchange of a monthly or yearly fee. Some people use private insurance plans offered through private firms, their employer, or their school to supplement the health coverage offered by the government. It’s best to assess your needs to determine what type of plan will be best for you.
dentist

What’s Included? What’s Not?

Here is a list of some of the services that are covered by your health card.

Included: Not Included:
All medically necessary services (Check your province/territory’s website for more details on what this means.) Cosmetic surgery that is not medically necessary
Maternal Care Medical examinations that are required by a third party. (driver’s Licenses, workplace, etc.)
Prescriptions drugs while in the hospital Dental Care (Many provinces/territories have free dental programs for low-income people and families, children, and seniors.)
Doctor visits with your family doctor, walk in doctor, or any other General Physician Vision Care
Visits to the Emergency Room Wheelchairs
Medical tests and surgeries Limb Prostheses
Medically necessary surgeries Prescription Medication (Some provinces and territories offer free prescription drugs for its residents. For example, Ontario has free prescriptions for everyone under 25. Check more with your province to find out if there are any programs that cover prescriptions.)
Laboratory and other diagnostic services Podiatry and Chiropractic Services
In-hospital dental surgeries that are considered medically necessary Ambulance Services in Yukon

Emergency
It’s important to note that some of these services may be partially covered. For example, in Ontario, $7–16 of each visit to the podiatrist is covered for a total of up to $135 per patient each year, although this is generally not covered in Canada. This is a general list to give you an idea of the types of services that are covered under these government health insurance plans. You should check with the province and territory you live in for a detailed list of what’s exactly covered.

When should I apply?

You should apply for these health care services as soon as you arrive in Canada. You cannot apply for these services before you arrive. In provinces such as Ontario, New Brunswick, and British Columbia, there may be a waiting period. This period could be up to three months. While you wait, you can purchase a private medical insurance plan through providers like Sunlife and Bluecross to protect yourself just in case.

What do I need to apply?

To apply for these services you will need the following:

  • A Complete Registration Form
  • Three separate and original documents that prove:
    • You’re a Canadian citizen or permanent resident
      Examples: birth certificate, passport, permanent resident card
    • You reside in the province or territory you’re applying in
      Examples: income tax assessment, driver’s license, photo card, mailed bank statements, property tax bills
    • Your identity (must include name and signature)
      Examples: credit card, photo card, driver’s license, employment ID card, student card

These are just some of the most commonly accepted forms of ID. For more information about what documents are accepted, please visit your province or territory website using the links at the end of this article.

How can I apply?

You need to complete a health card registration form in order to start your application process. You can get these forms at doctor’s offices, hospitals, settlement agencies, or your local government office. You can also get them online by using the links at the end of this article. Where you live will determine where you access these forms. The process is different for each province.

Usually, after completing your registration form, you then take this form and your identifying documents to your local government office or visit your local government website to apply. Some provinces such as British Colombia give you the opportunity to apply online while others like Ontario require you to visit a ServiceOntario Centre to apply in person. Other provinces like Nova Scotia require you to contact the government office to access the application form to begin the process. The process varies by province so double check what the process is for your location by using the links below.

Are there any costs?:

Applying for and renewing your health card is free. However, if you lose it, you may have to pay a fee for replacement. If it is stolen, you can contact your local government office to report it and request a replacement.

For more information:

You can visit these websites based on the province or territory you plan to live in to learn more about how to apply and replace your health card.

To learn more about the health care system in Canada, check this article by The Newcomer.

Provinces:

Alberta
Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan (AHCIP)

British Columbia
Medical Services Plan (MSP)

Manitoba
Health, Seniors and Active Living

New Brunswick
New Brunswick Medicare

Newfoundland and Labrador
Medical Care Plan (MCP)

Nova Scotia
Medical Services Insurance (MSI)

Ontario
Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP)

Prince Edward Island
Health PEI

Quebec
Québec Health Insurance Plan

Saskatchewan
eHealth Saskatchewan

Territories:

Northwest Territories
Health and Social Services

Nunavut
Nunavut Health Care Plan

Yukon
Yukon Health Insurance Plan

Newcomer health services provide support for women’s reproductive health

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Newcomer health services provide support for women’s reproductive health

By Russul Sahib

Posted on March 29, 2021

Womens health

TRIGGER WARNING: This article contains topics such as sexual health, reproduction, birth control, and mental health.

Moving to a new country can put a lot of stress on a newcomer’s physical and mental well-being. When settling in Canada, newcomers are faced with many changes within a short period of time. Dealing with these changes can negatively affect their physical and mental health. This, coupled with not fully knowing how to navigate the Canadian healthcare system, can create even more stress. One aspect of physical health which is often overlooked is women’s reproductive and sexual health.

Though reproductive and sexual health is an important part of many women’s lives, it can be very difficult for new immigrants to find appropriate services for them. One of the greatest challenges that newcomer women often face when it comes to accessing healthcare is finding doctors that speak their language. According to a 2014 report by British Columbia’s Women’s Hospital, newcomer women stated that finding a female doctor that spoke their first language was very difficult. Additionally, women who had negative encounters with doctors were discouraged from using other health services, as they felt that their next encounter would be the same.

There are many organizations in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), the area that includes Durham, Halton, Peel, and York region, that are committed to helping newcomer women address reproductive and sexual health issues. Organizations such as the Immigrant Women Health Centre offer women support by providing them with birth control options, STI information and treatment, pregnancy counselling, and much more. Settlement.org also offers a lot of information regarding these topics. While these websites can be useful, new immigrants who face language barriers may also need language support when accessing information and resources.

Hoda Ghonim is the newcomer health program coordinator at an organization in the GTA called Shore Centre. The centre provides family planning resources and information, birth control options, and support for women undergoing pregnancy, and encourages healthy discussions around sex and relationships. The organization also helps women better understand what is included in their healthcare coverage and provides pregnant women with prenatal vitamins. The centre also provides language interpreters for women who speak different languages.

birth control

Ghonim knows first-hand how language barriers can prevent newcomer women from accessing needed health services. She explained how many women struggle to communicate with their healthcare providers about their needs.

“Some of them are struggling when they are approaching the health services because of language. They don’t know how to express what they need,” Ghonim said.

Aside from language barriers, many newcomer women also feel that reproductive and sexual health are sensitive topics. Since some women come from cultures where these issues are not openly discussed, it becomes essential for healthcare providers to be culturally sensitive. Although these conversations can be difficult for some women to have, Ghonim explained that these discussions are important.

“I’m trying to normalize it’s part of our life,” Ghonim said. “We need to have this information to give consent for everything: consent for relationships, consent for family planning, consent for pregnancy. You need to have all this information to feel comfortable to give that consent.”

TK Pritchard, the executive director at Shore Centre, said that another concern for many women is a lack of support networks.

“Many newcomer folks, they’ve been cut off from their support network, where if they were in the country they came from before, they may have had other family members who support them throughout their pregnancy, who would provide information about the reproductive health,” Pritchard said. “Suddenly, that support system is very far away.”

To make it easier for women to access these resources, many of the programs at Shore Centre offer child-care as well as free transportation. Providing this type of help makes it easier for women to find the time in their busy schedule to seek out these health resources and programs. It also allows them to balance their responsibilities as parents and their own well-being.

Additionally, programs discussing contraceptives and family planning consider women of all cultural and religious backgrounds and avoid assumptions about one’s personal beliefs. Ghonim said that for women who prefer not to use contraceptives, she can provide natural family planning information and tools.

Regardless of the resources or organizations newcomer women choose to access, it is important that anyone who seeks out these services feels welcomed rather than further isolated as a recent immigrant or refugee.

“Sometimes, people lump all newcomers together, [but] the newcomer experience varies widely,” Pritchard said. “Everyone’s coming in with a different story. Everyone’s coming in with different views, and so our staff are making sure that we’re not assuming what folks might want to do or what they need support with, and that we’re really letting people lead that process.”

Dealing with debt in Canada

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Dealing with debt in Canada

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on March 29, 2021

Canadian dollar bills

What’s a four-letter word that strikes fear in the hearts of many Canadians? Debt. When immigrants and refugees come to Canada, they are often overwhelmed with debt from government loans, immigration fees, and other expenses. The good news is that there are steps you can take to lower and eliminate your outstanding payments in Canada without compromising your health or peace of mind.

1. List your debts

Make a list of all of your current debts, and for each item, write down the total amount you owe, the interest rate, and the minimum monthly payment. Your list may include government loans, loans from relatives and friends, student loans, and credit card fees.

2. Create a strategy

Now that you have identified your financial obligations, you can create a strategy for tackling them. Identify how much money you receive, spend, and save in a month.

  • Take a look at how much money you previously assigned to your debt per month.
  • Calculate how much time it will take for you to pay the amount owed given your current income, and find out how much money you need to pay it off faster.
  • Decide whether you want to pay off the high-interest debts (which means less interest to pay in the long run) or lowest balance debts (which means they can be paid off the quickest) first.
  • Communicate with relatives and friends that loaned you money about a mutually agreed upon repayment schedule.

3. Stick to your budget

desk with papers and calculator

Create a budget outlining how much money you will spend in a given month. This budget will help you stay on track with your monthly expenses, including your outstanding payments. If you discover that your credit card spending has been out of control, don’t add to your credit card debt. Start using cash or your debit card instead. Make sure your monthly budget is realistic and stick to it.

4. Cut back on expenses

Perhaps you pay for cable TV, drive a car, or have a monthly phone bill. To lower your expenses, you can either reduce some costs or eliminate them entirely. For example, you can cut off your cable, bike or take public transit instead of driving, sell your car for a more affordable one, or choose a cheaper phone plan. Any amount of money that you save from cutting back on expenses can be put toward paying off your debt.

5. Make more money

The more money you have, the easier it will be for you to pay off your debt. You can do so by:

  • working extra hours
  • finding part-time, temporary, or freelance jobs
  • selling or renting items you own
  • taking online surveys
  • participating in paid research studies

6. Pay more than the minimum monthly payment

For debt that cannot be paid off right away, make it a habit to pay more than the minimum monthly payment. If a government loan requires you to pay $150 per month and you currently pay $200 per month, try to pay $300 per month (or more). That way, you can pay off that loan faster.

7. Avoid bad debt moving forward

Getting a mortgage is fine, and it is considered good debt, since a house increases in value over time and has a relatively low interest rate. It is important, however, for you to avoid bad debt moving forward. This includes credit card fees, as credit cards have high interest rates, and auto loans, since automobiles decrease in value as soon as you drive them. Avoid payday loans at all costs, as they have incredibly high interest rates and impose penalties for missed payments.

To learn more about how to build your credit score in Canada, check this article by The Newcomer.

8. Save money for emergencies

piggy bank

To avoid adding to your debt during a crisis, make sure that you have an emergency fund. You can start off by putting five to 10 percent of your monthly pay cheque into a savings account or stash the cash somewhere safe. Only use the money in case of an emergency.

Newcomer’s guide to Canadian humour

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Newcomer’s guide to Canadian humour

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on March 29, 2021

Just For Laughs comedy festival sign

Are you tired of not getting the punchline whenever a colleague cracks a joke? Are you confused about why some Canadians wear shorts in the middle of winter? Do you wonder why people start to laugh at you when you say you’re a big fan of Nickelback? If so, you are not alone! I mean—you have come to the right place!

Welcome to our newcomer’s guide to understanding, creating, and appreciating Canadian humour! We know that as a newcomer, it may not be easy to fit into “Canadian culture” and we—as self-certified experts—are here to help. Canadian humour refers to what we Canadians find funny. We’re not afraid to poke fun at ourselves and distinguish ourselves from Americans. After all, there are reasons why you chose to come here, eh? Canadian humour is hilarious in its own right! It’s hilarious even if fellow Canadians are the only ones laughing. We’ll take you through the “do’s” and “don’ts” of comedic behaviour and help you through those times when you just don’t get the joke.

comic strip

Use Canadian references!

Here in Canada, we serve humour as authentic and delicious as our poutine. One of the things you can do is create a list of things from Canada. That includes listing Canadian celebrities even if they are no longer here. Your list should look something like this:

  • Beavers
  • Moose
  • Canada goose
  • Téléfrançais!
  • Justin Bieber (singer)
  • Shania Twain (singer)
  • Drake (rapper)
  • Celine Dion (singer)
  • Ryan Reynolds (actor)
  • Russell Peters (comedian)

Now that you have your list of Canadian things, you can start working on funny, laugh-out-loud (LOL), make-them-pee-their-pants Canadian humour! To start off small, all you need to do is compare a person or situation to one of the Canadian things on your list. You are guaranteed to get at least a little chuckle.

Here are some examples of how you can keep things funny:

Co-worker: Hey Faruq! Join us for drinks tonight!
Instead of saying: No thanks. I don’t drink.
You could say: I’ll go for drinks the day that moose start to fly.

Co-worker (gossiping): Dylan is really annoying me.
Instead of saying: He’s not that bad!
You could say: He can’t be as annoying as a Canada goose!

Co-worker: [starts singing]
Instead of saying: Stop it! I can’t focus on my work!
You could say (jokingly): Keep it down Justin Bieber! I’m trying to get some work done.

Co-worker: I didn’t see you there; you almost gave me a heart attack!
Instead of saying: Don’t exaggerate!
You could sing: You are safe, and your heart will, your heart will go on and on!

Use cringe-worthy lines!

Part of the worry we face when trying to be funny is embarrassing ourselves in front of others or saying something cringeworthy. To that we say, who cares? Comedians get booed all the time—at least nobody is throwing rotten tomatoes at us. Don’t ever let fear stop you from unleashing jokes as majestic as the Canadian Rockies. As you get more and more familiar with Canadian culture—and continue adding to your list of Canadian things—you can start saying your Canadian jokes in front of complete strangers!

The good thing about saying jokes in front of strangers is that they don’t know you! Unless they talk to you first, you will most likely have to use cringe-worthy lines to break the ice because there’s no familiarity established yet. If the joke doesn’t land, the best part is you never have to see the stranger again! If the joke does land, then you probably made a new friend. You have nothing to lose!

Here are some openers:

You: Are you maple syrup?
Librarian (looking confused): No.
You: I’m sorry; you just looked super sweet to me!

You: What’s colder than a Canadian winter?
Random stranger: I don’t know.
You: The CRA during tax season.

Don’t be disappointed if co-workers or strangers find your newfound Canadian humour lame. Some jokes and zingers are bound to fall flat even if you deliver them properly. Just keep on practicing your jokes!

Tell a story!

Another way to create Canadian humour is by telling funny stories about life in Canada. It could be a personal story or a story you heard from a friend of yours.

Here’s an example:

Last year, I went to downtown Toronto to meet with my best friend. As I was walking, various homeless people along the street would come up to me and ask for money. I gave them the change that I had and didn’t think too much about it.

When I finally met up with my friend, we headed inside Ryerson University. While going inside the building, I noticed that a man had followed us inside and thought, “oh, good! The security guard is looking out for us.” I turned around and was about to thank him when he held out his hand and asked me for money! It turned out that he wasn’t a security guard at all! He was another homeless person!

With your story, you want listeners to be caught off guard with the element of surprise. Canadian humour is all about saying the unexpected; you want to create an unexpected—and perhaps ironic—ending.

Here’s another example:

Many years ago, I gave campus tours to students and their parents in Toronto. As a student living off-campus, I was usually paired up with another tour guide, someone who actually lived on campus. We were in charge of taking the groups to see the dorm rooms.

One day we had too many students and parents and not enough tour guides, so we ended up having only one tour guide per group. Since I had given campus tours plenty of times, I was fine with leading a group on my own. It wasn’t until I had started leading my group to the first area that I realized that I was in trouble: I didn’t have access to the dorm floors.

I led my group through all of the areas except the dorms. I brought them to library, the dining areas, and the leisure and lounge areas. Parents and students started asking the same question: “When are we going to see the dorms?” I knew that they had come to see what the dorm rooms looked like, and I couldn’t let them down. Finally, I started to walk them to one of the dorm buildings.

Of course, I was panicking the whole time. I was able to access the main entrance, but how would I enter the floors that required a key? How could I show them a room I didn’t have access to? As we entered the building, I saw two guys run up the stairs from behind me and managed to grab one and pull him aside.

“I’m doing a campus tour. Can I show them your room?” I asked. I was absolutely desperate—my tour group needed to see a dorm room. The boy said yes, and I thanked him. He opened the door leading to the second floor, and we followed behind him. At last, he opened his dorm room door, and we all walked inside.

Then, there was a shocked silence. We were standing inside the messiest room I had seen in my entire life. Clothes were everywhere; you could barely see the floor. His room looked like it had been hit by a hurricane. I almost couldn’t hold back my laughter from embarrassment!

Another example:

When my mother first came to Canada, she asked someone, “What are those beautiful yellow flowers?” They were all over the park she visited, and she found them very pretty. The person answered her, “Ma’am, those are dandelions. They’re considered weeds here in Canada.”

Laugh at bad jokes!

Now, let’s take a look at what you should do if you don’t find a joke funny.

Picture this: Your friend tells a joke, and everyone in your office starts laughing. Everyone except for you. You just don’t find it funny. You’re about to head back to your desk when you realize that your friend is staring right at you. What do you do next?

A. Do exactly what you wanted to do and head back to your desk.
B. Smile and wink at her.
C. Take a sip from your water bottle.
D. Nod your head and pretend to laugh.

The correct answer is D. Even if her joke is not funny to you, clearly it is funny to everyone else, so just go along with it! Don’t be a killjoy by walking away, and don’t make things awkward by winking or sipping your water. Fake laughter is better than no laughter. By doing something other than laughing, you could offend your friend. Even if your fake laughter is belated, she would appreciate the effort.

Think about a time when you made a joke, and everyone laughed except for one person. You didn’t think about the fact that everyone else found the joke to be funny; you think about the one person who didn’t! Be a good sport and pretend to laugh at other people’s jokes. They will surely appreciate it.

If you didn’t find a joke funny because you didn’t understand the references, you can research them when you get home. Go on Google and type in all the unfamiliar aspects of the joke the person told. You might find the joke funny once you understand all of the references.

On the other hand, humour can be subjective. Some jokes may be funny to you but not to other people and vice versa. You may also say something as a joke, but other people may not realize that it’s a joke, especially if your tone or body language don’t convey the same message.

If there is laughter, even if it’s only your own, keep doing what you’re doing. The only way you can get better at something (like making jokes) is by observing how it’s done properly and by practicing it. You don’t need to overthink humour, comedy, or jokes. In case you haven’t noticed, this article was not meant to be taken seriously! It’s fine for you to laugh at absurd scenarios and silly jokes.

Lastly, just have fun! Laugh at your own jokes and laugh at other people’s jokes. Don’t worry too much about what other people think. Whether someone else is making a joke or you are, the point of humour is to spread joy and laughter to the people around you. If you can do that, you are doing a service to your fellow Canadians.

Know your rights: Advocating for yourself in the workplace

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Know your rights: Advocating for yourself in the workplace

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on March 29, 2021
Roofing Worker

In Canada, there are many laws at the national and provincial level that protect people who are working in Canada. It’s important to know them so that when you face issues in the workplace, you can protect yourself.

Federal laws

In Canada, the Canadian government uses Canadian laws, such as the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Employment Equity Act, and the Canada Labour Code to protect every worker in Canada, including foreign workers.

The Canadian Human Rights Act does not allow discrimination in the workplace in Canada. The Act says that your employer is not allowed to treat you differently because of your citizenship, race, religion, culture, gender, gender identity, gender expression, marital status, family status, color, disability, age, and sexual orientation. This Act says that employers and service providers must make sure that all employees are treated equally.

Under Canadian laws all workers have the right to be paid for their work, the right to have a safe workplace, and the right to keep their passport and work permit. These laws only cover some types of jobs such as working with the federal government or banks. You can find out more about what types of workplaces are covered by visiting the resources below. If you are not covered under the federal employment laws, then you are still protected by the employment laws of the province you live in. These laws offer the same basic protections in the workplace.

Provincial laws

Provincial governments have created more laws to protect the rights of workers. For the purposes of this article, we will discuss Ontario’s Employment laws.

Ontario has laws like the Occupational Health and Safety Act, the Employment for Foreign Nationals Act, the Pay Equity Act, the Labour Relations Act, and the Employment Standards Act to protect its workers.
Business Meeting
Ontario’sEmployment Standards Act sets the minimum standards for work conditions, such as your pay, work hours, and the time you get off. Regardless of whether you work full-time, part-time, or work for an temporary help agency, your rights are the same. You have the right to be paid on a consistent schedule and to get a pay stub. A pay stub is a statement that you receive from your employer which breaks down how many hours you worked, how much you were paid, and how much money was taken from your income to pay for taxes, pension, and vacation pay. Most people working in Ontario have the right to be paid minimum wage. The law is different for people like students, liquor servers, and people who do paid work out of their homes for an employer. Check with your workplace for more information on what the minimum wage is for your job position. You also have the right to be paid overtime pay after 44 hours of work in a week. This pay has to be at least one-and-a-half times the regular rate of pay. Most people do not work on public holidays, though they are paid. There are nine public holidays every year.

These are just your basic rights under this Act, but you can learn your full rights by reading the Act. You also have the right to vacation pay. You can access tools offered by the government that can help you figure out how much vacation pay and overtime pay you’re entitled to. You can learn more about who to contact at the bottom of this article.

Foreign nationals also have worker’s rights here in Ontario, which are laid out in the Employment Protection for Foreign Nationals Act. Under this law, you generally have all the same rights written in the Employment Standards Act. This Act protects the rights of people who are working or seeking work through an immigration placement program or temporary help agency. If you are a foreign national working in Ontario through a temporary help agency, you can find a fact sheet about specific work situations as well as your rights under this law at the end of the article.

The Pay Equity Act gives men and women the right to receive equal pay for work that may be different in nature but of equal value. This right helps to ensure men and women are paid equally. If you think your employer has not respected your right to equal pay for work of equal value, you can contact the Pay Equity Office at PECInfo@ontario.ca. Send them an email with your name, the name of your workplace, and information about your situation.
Cashier
A union is a group of workers who have come together to have a say in the working conditions of their place of employment. The Labour Relations Act gives workers in Ontario the right to join a trade union and participate in union activities. It’s against the law for an employer to fire or treat you badly for joining a union or exercising any rights under this Act.

Ontario also has laws to ensure that employees receive health and safety protections in the workplace. The Occupational Health and Safety Act gives you the right to know about dangers in your workplace. Your employer must also train you on how to protect yourself from harm. You also have the right to refuse unsafe work or ask your employer to create safe work conditions, and you cannot get in trouble or be fired for it. If your employer can’t fix these issues right away, you can call the Ministry of Labour Health and Safety at 1-877-202-0008. You don’t have to give your name, and services are offered in more than just English. You can also help identify workplace health and safety concerns by asking questions, raising concerns, and providing positive feedback. If you would like to speak to someone, The Employment Standards Information Centre (1-800-531-5551) and the Health & Safety Contact Centre (1-877-202-0008) also provide services in many different languages.

What To Do If You’re Being Mistreated At Work?

If you feel that you’re being mistreated at work, there are many things you can do to help yourself. If you’re being paid unfairly, discriminated against, or feel that you have been dismissed for an unfair reason, it’s suggested that you first try to work these issues out with the company one-on-one. You can do this by contacting the Human Resources department or speaking to your manager or supervisor. They should be able to help you out with your issues. Make sure you keep notes on when these incidents happened, who was there, when you spoke to people, and the things that were said. If your employer is unable or unwilling to help you and you believe that your rights have been violated, you can file a claim with the Ministry of Labour, Training and Skills Development.

How to file a claim:

In Ontario, you can file a claim online or through mail.

  • If you complete this process through mail, you will have to print and fill out a PDF claim form and mail it to the address listed.
  • If you complete this process online, you will have to create an account on the provincial website and complete the claim form online.

The Ministry will ask you to answer a form about your issue to the best of your knowledge, which they will use to assess your claim. Before completing your claim, it’s best to gather documents or information that you may need to complete this process, such as pay stubs, proof of your employment, and the hours you worked.

After answering these questions and completing the claim form, an investigating officer will be assigned to your case and reach out to you with more information or instructions.

Don’t wait too long to file a claim, as you usually only have two years from the date of the incident. Your name, address, phone number, and email will not be shared with your employer but other details might.

If you need assistance with this process, you can call the Employment Standards Information Centre toll-free at 1-800-531-5551.

If you’re a member of a union, the process might look a bit different, as you can file a complaint with your union under their collective agreement. If this is the case, reach out to your union representative for more information.

Resources:

Canadian Government’s guide to rights in the workplace:
https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/rights-workplace.html

Guide to the Employment Standards Act in Ontario:
https://www.ontario.ca/document/your-guide-employment-standards-act-0?_ga=2.255077192.1981979727.1610775696-315773522.1610775696

Federal Government Vacation Pay Calculator:
http://wages.esdc.gc.ca/OLSCT-OCLNT/vacation_pay.aspx?GoCTemplateCulture=en-CA

Ontario Public Holiday Pay Calculator:
https://www.ontario.ca/page/public-holiday-pay-calculator

How to calculate vacation pay in Ontario:
https://www.ontario.ca/document/your-guide-employment-standards-act-0/vacation

Federal Government General Holiday Calculator:
http://wages.esdc.gc.ca/OLSCT-OCLNT/gen_holiday.aspx?GoCTemplateCulture=en-CA

Federal Government rights for Foreign Workers:
https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/rights-workplace.html#a4

Employment Standards Act Claim Form:
https://www.ontario.ca/document/your-guide-employment-standards-act-0/filing-claim

Employment Standards Act Claim Instructional Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkEafO8aM9k&feature=youtu.be

For more information about labor unions in Canada:
https://canadianlabour.ca/what-unions-do/

Employment Protections for Foreign Nationals in Ontario:
https://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/es/spotlight_fn.php

A guide to your first winter in Canada 

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A guide to your first winter in Canada

By Emma Siegel

Posted on February 22, 2021

shoveling snow

When the leaves have fallen off the trees, the birds have flown south, and you wake up every morning with a glittery frost on your lawn, you know one thing for certain: winter is just around the corner. While Canada is known for its freezing temperatures and heavy snowfalls, winter is also a big part of Canadian identity. As long as you’re prepared and ready, the coldest season of the year can be a lot of fun; and The Newcomer has created just the guide to help you along the way.

Outerwear for everywhere

Before you can go out and enjoy the first snowfall of the year, you’ll need to be dressed for the occasion.
snowy tree

Jackets

Jackets are considered to be the most essential piece of clothing you’ll wear over the winter, so it’s important to pick a good one. Remember, this will be something you’ll likely be wearing for six to nine months out of the year.

There are a few considerations when looking for a jacket. First, is it water-resistant? A woolly coat may be warm and fashionable, but it won’t do you much good in a snowstorm—and there are a lot of those across Canada.

Next, you want to make sure it’s warm enough. Temperatures range from -15 °C all the way down to -40 °C, depending on where you are in the country. You’ll want an “insulated jacket,” which is a type of coat that will keep you warm in very cold conditions by trapping in your body heat.

Boots

There’s no feeling worse than walking through the snow in a pair of boots that clearly weren’t made for the weather. You’ll be left with cold feet, wet socks, and a bad mood. A jacket may be the most important piece of clothing, but winter boots are a close second.

Like with a good jacket, you’ll want water-resistant boots to keep the snow and slush from seeping in. The bottom of the boots need to have good soles, or treads; otherwise, you’ll be slipping and sliding on the snow and ice. If the soles are made of rubber or have grooves throughout (little indents usually in the shape of squiggles, circles, or hexagons), those boots are good for winter.

Finally, winter boots follow a temperature rating scale with five sections: 5 °C to -10 °C, 0 °C to -20 °C, -10 °C to -25 °C, -20 °C to -40 °C, and -25 °C and beyond. Choosing the boots you’ll need will depend on where you will be. If you’re living in Toronto, for example, -10 °C to -25 °C is the best option. But if you’re in Vancouver, boots ranging in the 5 °C to -10 °C category would suit you better. If you’re living in Vancouver and you are wearing boots made for -25 °C weather, your feet will start to sweat in the boots. This will leave you with damp, cold feet, so the ratings are important to follow.

Hats and gloves

No one likes cold ears and frozen fingers, and this is where hats and gloves make their entrance. When looking for a hat, the criteria is pretty simple: something big enough to cover your ears and forehead that feels thick and warm. And here’s a tip: many people in Canada call a winter hat a toque (pronounced TOO-CK).

As for gloves, it depends on what you’re going to be doing. If you don’t plan to be outside for long, like going grocery shopping or for a quick walk, a pair of wool, fur lined, or cotton gloves will suit you just fine. If you’re going to be outside for a while, like shovelling snow, a pair of water-resistant, insulated gloves are your best option.

Let the fun begin

A little cold weather shouldn’t stop you from going outside and having a good time. In fact, some of the best activities can only be done in cold, snowy conditions.

Tobogganing

Sledding, more commonly called tobogganing, is a favourite winter pastime for many kids. All you need for this is a snowy hill and a sled (also called a toboggan). The activity is simple: sit down on the toboggan at the top of the hill and inch forward until gravity does its job and you find yourself speeding down the hill. While constantly climbing up the hill can become tiring in all your winter layers, it’s always worth it for the thrill of racing back down again. You’ll need a pair of snow pants for this (a pair of water-resistant, insulated pants), or your pants and legs will be soaked by the end of the first trip down the hill.

Skating

skating

No matter where you are in Canada, there will always be a skating rink close by. Whether it is a frozen lake (when skating on frozen water, check and listen to all safety measures first) or a man-made rink at a local community center, skating is a great activity for people of all ages. Some community centers will rent skates for you to use, or you can buy a pair at a nearby sporting store. Skating can be a tricky skill to learn at first, as you’re balancing on slippery ice with thin bladed boots, but there are plenty of beginner classes to help you along the way. Chances are, you’re going to fall a lot in the beginning, so make sure you’re wearing a helmet!

Stocking up on supplies

You’re all set with your winter clothes and outdoor activities. Now all you need are a few winter necessities and you’re ready to take on the season!

Shovels and ice melt

When the snow and ice storms hit, your walkway, driveway, and sidewalk will be covered in either fluffy snow or slippery ice. If snow is your problem, it’s time to break out your shovel and scoop the snow onto your lawn. If ice is your problem, you’ll need to spread ice melt—a gravelly-like material that you can buy in the hardware or car section of most retail stores that sell seasonable goods. The ice melt does exactly what it sounds like: melt the ice and make the pavement less slippery. If the weather is calling for an ice storm, or the melting snow is expected to freeze overnight, you can put down ice melt beforehand and be prepared for the icy conditions the next morning. While homeowners are tasked with shovelling and spreading ice melt outside their homes, apartment renters and condo owners can leave this job to their building maintenance staff to do. So instead of being outside on a cold morning to clear snow off of your driveway, you can get an extra ten minutes of sleep.

Winter tires and car brushes

Regular car tires, like shoes, slip and slide in snowy conditions. Snow tires are made out of a softer rubber that works well in cold weather and have deeper treads that are designed for a better grip on snow and ice. You’ll also need to keep a car brush in your car at all times. Usually, one of its sides is for brushing off snow and the other side is for scraping ice. This is an essential item for your car during the winter months. Quick tip—if you leave your car outside during a snow or ice storm, keep the wipers raised so you won’t have to dig them out later.
snowy road with bus

Making healthy food choices

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Making healthy food choices

By Dara Poizner

Posted on February 22, 2021

Meal prep

Eating a healthy diet is an important part of overall well-being. But what exactly is involved in keeping a healthy diet?

This article will discuss Canada’s guidelines for healthy eating, challenges that Canadians might face with food and nutrition, and tips for making healthy choices with limited money and time.

Canada’s Food Guide

Canada’s Food Guide is a nutrition guide created by Health Canada. The newest version was released in 2019, and it is a key source of nutritional information for Canadians. The guide includes advice about healthy food choices and eating habits, recipes, and healthy eating tips and resources.

The food guide snapshot, a visual representation of the guide’s main food suggestions, is available to view and download in many languages.

Key points from the Food Guide

Eat plenty of foods that can improve overall health and lower the risk of some health problems. This includes:

  • Vegetables and fruits, which have important nutrients like fibre, vitamins, and minerals. Choose vegetables and fruits with a variety of textures and colours.
  • Whole grains such as quinoa, oats, brown rice, and whole grain bread or pasta, which are high in fibre, vitamins, and minerals.
  • Protein foods such as beans, lentils, lean meats, fish, tofu, eggs, and lower fat dairy products. Choose plant-based proteins often, as they can provide more fibre with less saturated fat.
  • Healthy fats such as nuts and seeds, avocado, fatty fish, and vegetable oils, which can lower the risk of heart disease.

Some foods can increase the risk of some health problems, including heart disease and blood pressure. These foods include:

  • Foods that are high in sodium or sugar.
  • Foods that are high in saturated fats such as fatty meats, high-fat dairy products, and some oils.
  • Highly processed foods such as processed meats, prepared sauces, fast foods, sugary drinks, frozen desserts, and baked goods.

Drink water to stay hydrated. Try to avoid too many drinks that are high in sodium, sugar, or saturated fat, including sugary drinks (like pop or juice), alcoholic drinks, energy drinks, and specialty teas or coffees made with high-fat dairy.

Cook often to support healthy eating habits. Cooking more means having better awareness of nutrition, relying less on highly processed foods, and saving money on food from restaurants.
Family making dinner

Check food labels to be informed about ingredients and nutritional value, and be aware of the impact of food marketing. Rely on nutritional information to make healthy food choices rather than on marketing messages. Be aware that kids and teens are especially likely to be affected by marketing.

Enjoying the food we eat helps us build healthy attitudes about food. Enjoying foods can involve choosing a variety of flavours, including cultural food traditions, socializing during mealtimes, cooking with loved ones, and creating a positive eating environment.

Challenges with healthy eating

Canada’s Food Guide provides helpful advice, but it has its limitations. Parts of Canada do not have proper access to healthy food, and there are many social and economic factors that influence how we eat—like cultural values, closeness to grocery stores, and income. According to Sarah Duignan, a biocultural anthropologist, the guide does not do enough to address these barriers, which many Canadians face. She says that the guide should be more aware of these issues so that it can make practical recommendations. Even though it does state that culture is an important part of a healthy diet, the guide does not acknowledge how important it is for people’s well-being to maintain a connection to their culture through food. It does not effectively include traditional Indigenous foods or foods that may be more familiar to newcomers to Canada.

When people do not have access to affordable, nutritious food, it is called food insecurity. Duignan points out that new immigrant families, low-income households, and Indigenous populations living off-reserve have higher rates of food insecurity.

The diets of refugees and immigrants in Canada may be affected by factors like stress, lower economic status, and cultural difference. As a result, people who have immigrated are sometimes at a higher risk of certain health problems such as high cholesterol and blood pressure.

Healthy eating, although it is important, is easier said than done. Sometimes it is cheaper to buy fast food than healthy ingredients. And for busy people, it can be hard to find the time to cook nutritious meals. People dealing with many pressures in their lives may often find that buying cheaper, ready-made meals and snacks is the easiest option, even if not the healthiest.

It is okay to eat foods that are not very healthy—like fast food or baked goods—in moderation. Remember that enjoying your food is important. However, it is best to try to get good nutritional value from your diet overall.

Cooking when you’re low on cash or time

Cooking healthy meals with a limited budget or time can be tricky, but it can be made easier with good shopping and cooking habits. Here is some advice for how to make the most of your time and money.

Tips

Stock up on food staples while they are on sale. Canned items like beans, frozen items like vegetables, and dry goods like pasta and rice last a long time. Some foods that go bad more quickly—like fresh fruit, meat, fish, and bread—can be frozen for later. By buying many pantry staples during a single trip to the grocery store, you may not need to go shopping as often.

Buy canned legumes and canned or frozen fruits and vegetables that are low in added sugar or sodium. They are often more affordable than fresh fruits and vegetables but have similar nutritional value. They are also usually quick to cook.

Choose fruits and vegetables that are in season, as they tend to be cheaper and of better quality. You can also freeze produce to save it for a time when it is no longer in season.

grocery store

Compare the prices of similar items. There are “name brand” and “store brand” versions of many foods: the store brands are usually less expensive, but similar in quality.

Make a shopping list and stick to it. Planning what to buy before you go to the store saves time and money. Try not to shop while hungry—you are more likely to buy something you didn’t plan to.

Prepare large amounts of food at one time; these can be stored in the fridge or freezer and used later when you have less time. For example: Make a big pot of soup and freeze some of it, and then defrost it for another meal.

  • Often certain food items can be used for more than one recipe. You can cook enough of it to last you for a few days. To prepare them, you can use simple flavours which can later be adjusted for other recipes as well (e.g. rice can be used for stir-fry, rice pilaf, and burrito bowls; ground turkey can be used in pasta sauce and chili).
  • Cut up a lot of veggies and fruit at once to refrigerate and save, either for a snack or to use in cooking later.

For detailed advice about grocery shopping in Canada, see this article.

Resources for cooking on a budget

“Healthy eating on a budget” in Canada’s Food Guide: The Food Guide has a section with ideas on how to save money while eating healthy.

“Healthy eating on a budget” by the Heart and Stroke Foundation: The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, a nonprofit organization that researches heart and brain health, features advice from a dietitian.

The Healthy Living Guide 2020-2021 from the Department of Nutrition at Harvard University has a section called “Eating Well on a Budget.” The guide also contains lots of other information about living a healthy lifestyle.

Budget Bytes is a recipe website designed for lower budgets. The recipes use mostly inexpensive ingredients and calculate the approximate cost of a meal, providing estimates of how much you’ll need to spend on ingredients. There are options for many types of meals and diets as well as meal prep recipes that can help you save time. You can even search for recipes by ingredient if you need ideas for how to use a certain food. Try looking for recipes here or on another budget cooking website.

Kids’ healthy lifestyle resources

Research suggests that children who have immigrated may be at a higher risk of some health problems than children who were born in Canada. These resources have advice for keeping your kids eating well and staying active.

Healthy Habits for Life Resource Kit Part 1: Get Moving! from Sesame Workshop and Nemours KidsHealth is a kit with lessons and activities that parents, guardians, and teachers can use to teach younger kids about healthy exercise and eating habits, using characters from the educational kids show Sesame Street.

The Eat Right Be Active guides from Nutrition Connections, a registered charity within the Ontario Public Health Association, provide activity and nutrition guidelines for caregivers of children at different ages:

Taking care of your mental health

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Taking care of your mental health

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on February 22, 2021

Man with his head in his hands

TRIGGER WARNING: This article contains topics such as self-harm, violence, suicide, and rape. This may distress some readers.

Moving to a new country can be exciting, stressful, lonely, and hard all at the same time. It can take a toll on your mental health. Mental well-being affects our ability to enjoy and cope with everyday life. Mental health is as important as physical health, so it’s important that you take care of it.

Symptoms

There are many different kinds of mental illness, and people may experience different symptoms. If you are experiencing any of the following symptoms, you should consider seeing a mental health professional or your family doctor.

  • Feeling sad
  • Reduced ability to concentrate
  • Extreme mood changes of highs and lows
  • Significant tiredness, low energy, or sleeping problems
  • Detachment from reality, paranoia, or hallucinations
  • Withdrawal from friends, family, or activities
  • Inability to cope with daily problems or stress
  • Major changes in eating habits
  • Changes in sex drive
  • Problems with drugs or alcohol abuse
  • Excessive anger, hostility, or violence
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • Physical symptoms may include: headaches, stomach aches, back pain, or other unexplained aches and pains.

Common mental illnesses

There are many different kinds of mental illness, and each one may affect individuals differently. These are some of the most common mental illnesses that newcomers may experience.

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Anxiety causes a person to be extremely worried about many things, even if there might not be a reason for it. This goes beyond your everyday nervousness about a presentation at work or similar activity.
  • Major Depressive Disorder (also known as clinical depression): Depression causes feelings of extreme sadness or hopelessness that lasts for two weeks or more.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): PTSD is a mental illness that can be triggered by traumatic events experienced or witnessed in the past. These experiences may range from extreme events, like natural disasters or war, to verbal abuse.
  • Social Anxiety Disorder: Social anxiety disorder causes extreme fear or nervousness of social situations. This may make it difficult for people to be around other people, make new friends, and/or attend social events.

For more information and more details about various mental illnesses, symptoms, and treatments, visit mayoclinic.org.

Types of resources and treatments available

Depending on your situation, there are different types of resources available. Different organizations offer different services. Some examples of services that are available across Canada include: Individual counselling and psychology services, group therapy, women’s groups, men’s groups, and yoga, and other specific programs.
counseling/therapy

  • Individual psychotherapy: Psychotherapy can either be short-term (up to 16 sessions), focusing on immediate issues and concerns, or long-term, addressing more complex, long standing issues. This form of therapy can be beneficial for both children and adults. It is primarily talk-based. Therapists are trained in a wide variety of methods which can be tailored for your specific needs. These professionals can help you work through anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, violence, or any other emotional difficulty. Everyone has their own goals for therapy; therapists can help you develop healthy coping strategies, provide insight, evaluate and treat mental illness, or just be someone you can talk to. You may need a referral from your family doctor in order to see a psychiatrist. This is usually not required for therapists with other mental health designations.
  • Group therapy and peer support: In group therapy, a qualified therapist works with a small group of patients or clients. The goal is to relieve stress through discussion, express feelings, change attitudes and behaviours, and provide more constructive ways of coping. It may also be beneficial to connect with others who have gone through similar experiences and provide a sense of community. There are also options for couples’ counselling and family counselling depending on your needs and therapy goals.
  • Women’s groups: Women in the group gain support from other women and share their experiences on various aspects of their lives, such as relationships, prenatal and postpartum periods, rape, domestic abuse, and trauma.
  • Men’s groups: Men’s groups are less common, but they do exist. In these small groups, a therapist facilitates a discussion on diverse topics like sexism, systemic issues, and other individual problems that impact their mental health.
  • Hospitals: Most hospitals have a mental health unit that can assist you in getting the help you need.

Getting help in your first language

Often, it is easier to communicate your needs to someone who speaks the same language as you. There are many organizations that offer services in different languages. These organizations offer many of the same services and programs mentioned above, but the psychologists and counsellors speak your first language. The following organizations offer mental health help in multiple languages.

  • Access Alliance – offers services in over 180 languages, onsite and remote interpretation and translation, and services in American Sign Language (ASL).
  • Afghan Women’s Organization Refugee & Immigrant Services – offers interpretation and translation services as well as English classes; their services are provided in different languages including but not limited to: Dari, Farsi, Pashto, Tajiki, Uzbeki, Arabic, Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi, and Turkmani.
  • Hong Fook Mental Health Association – works with Asian communities (Cambodian, Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin), Korean and Vietnamese) in the Greater Toronto Area.
  • Multicultural Mental Health Resource Centre – offers services in over 20 languages. They also have written information on their website in multiple languages, and they offer interpretation services. You can easily find mental health practitioners who speak your languages in this organization.
  • Carizon – primarily offers group programs and workshops; the information on their website is also available in English, Farsi, Spanish, Arabic, and Tigrigna.
  • Across Boundaries – provides a wide range of support to people of colour in the Greater Toronto Area who are experiencing severe mental illness. Services are available in English, Arabic, Urdu, Somali, Hindi, Gujarati, Filipino, Chinese, Farsi, Tamil, Twi, Dari, Pashto, Sinhala, and Swahili.

In case of an emergency

If you are experiencing severe mental health symptoms and if you think you may hurt yourself or others, get help right away.

  • Call 911 or the local emergency number.
  • Go to the emergency room at the hospital.
  • Call the Canada Suicide Prevention Service at toll free 1-833-456-4566.
  • Contact the Crisis Text Line by texting TALK to 686868.
  • Youth ages 20 and under can call Kids Help Phone at 1-800-668-6868.
  • Call your doctor or mental health professional.

It is important to note that if you are not the one experiencing symptoms but know someone who is, you should take suicide threats seriously; call emergency services and notify them of the situation, and/or go to the hospital for further assistance.

Mental illness affects one in five Canadians, and it’s OK if it affects you, too. There are plenty of resources available and people who are willing to help. For additional resources in your city, check out www.ementalhealth.ca. You are not alone.
frustrated/upset

Research/References

Home hunting: How to find the right housing option for you

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Home hunting: How to find the right housing option for you

By Russul Sahib

Posted on February 22, 2021

Home doormat

As a newcomer, finding the perfect home for you and your family means considering many things, from location to price point to space. Not to mention that different housing options can offer different benefits and disadvantages for newcomer families. Many new immigrants may also face difficulties when it comes to learning about the types of housing options there are, how much they cost, as well as what is included in their monthly rent. Yet, whether newcomers settle in an apartment, condo, or house, their home must be well-suited for their needs and lifestyle.

Apartments and studios

apartment building

An apartment building is a building composed of different residential units. People live in separate units, called apartments. Unlike regular apartments, studio apartments may not have separate bedrooms from the living and kitchen spaces. Choosing to live in an apartment or studio means that you have to pay monthly rent to the person or company who owns the building. For people living alone, it’s also an option to find a roommate to help split rents costs. A roommate is someone who shares the apartment with you and helps cover the costs of rent or even other utilities. You can ask friends or people you know about the possibility of renting an apartment together, or you can print and distribute flyers or post an advertisement online to let people know that you are looking for a roommate.

In Canada, big cities charge higher amounts of rent, while smaller cities can provide a cheaper alternative. In October 2019, the average price of rent in Canada was $1,574 a month.

Robert Mundie, a retired professor, and researcher who studied immigrants and housing, said in an email response that the pricing of housing in these big cities is the biggest challenge faced by recent immigrants.

“Housing markets such as Toronto and Vancouver, where many immigrants end up, are very expensive. The housing market in Montreal and smaller centres is generally less expensive and therefore more accessible,” Mundie said.

Other cities in Canada, such as Quebec City or Saskatoon, offer one-bedroom apartments for an average monthly rent ranging between $870 to $969.

While some cities in Canada have pricier rent costs, Mundie said apartments are still generally more affordable than other housing options.

Another good thing about apartments is that the costs of other utilities, such as electricity and water, are often included. This means newcomers often do not have to pay extra for these, as they are included in their monthly payments. However, it is always important to double-check what is included in the rent of the signed rental agreement. Many apartments also come with amenities, such as a swimming pool or playground, which can offer fun entertainment for young children or the whole family!

Generally, apartments are a great option for smaller immigrant families or single individuals who do not need as much space.

“Rental apartments, especially newer builds in central city areas, tend to be relatively small and are not suitable for large immigrant families, thereby leading to overcrowding,” Mundie said.

However, some apartments have multiple rooms which could be a solution for larger immigrant families.

Condominiums

Condos

Condominiums (condos) are very similar to apartments, except that you can own your condo! You can typically pay a monthly rate until you have paid off the full price of the condo. When this is done, you become the owner of the home! For newcomers looking for long-term investment options, condos can be a great option, as it allows them to pay for their home over a period of time and ultimately own their home.

According to Remax Canada, “financing” or paying for your condo means that you have to first pay five to 20 per cent of the overall value as a down payment, when signing the condo agreement. You must then continue to pay the remaining amount as a monthly expense, similar to how a mortgage is taken out on a house. These payments are added up until you are finally able to own the condo. However, living in a condo means that you also have to pay monthly maintenance fees to keep amenities, such as gyms or swimming pools, clean and functional.

In December 2019, the average sale prices of condos in Canadian cities ranged greatly. Generally, the sale prices of condos ranged from around $170,000 to $670,000 across various Canadian cities.

“Condos are often newer and generally larger than rental apartments” Mundie said. “Because they are often newer and contain more amenities than rental apartments the monthly cost for maintenance is higher,” he said.

Despite being a little pricey, condos are a great option for newcomers hoping to own their home rather than rent. Many condos are much cheaper than actual houses, giving newcomers more leeway and flexibility.

Houses

House

Lastly, houses are another housing option that some newcomers may consider. There are many kinds of houses newcomers can choose from, ranging from townhouses, semi-detached houses, and detached houses. These terms simply refer to whether your house is connected to another house or not. Detached houses are physically separated from surrounding neighbours, while townhouses and semi-detached homes are not. The price of the home will vary depending on whether your house is attached to others or not. The Newcomer has a helpful article that outlines how to buy a house in Canada.

In December 2019, the average sale prices of a house in Canada ranged between $186,000 to $1.6 million for Canada’s most expensive city, Vancouver.

“The major advantage of a house over rental apartments and condos is size. Houses are larger and therefore tend to be more suitable for larger immigrant families. They also usually contain a backyard space that is ideal for younger children,” Mundie said.

In October 2019, survey results showed that one in five Canadians buying a house was a Canadian newcomer who had arrived within the last 10 years. As much as 75 per cent of the newcomers surveyed came to Canada with savings reserved for the purchase of a home. The results also showed that on average, it takes about three years for newcomers to purchase a house in Canada.

For newcomers who may not have the financial means to buy a house, there are also opportunities to rent a house. Newcomers typically make arrangements with the homeowner to pay a monthly price to live in the house for a specified period of time. There are also opportunities for newcomers to rent someone’s basement if they do not have enough money to rent a house. Renting a basement can be a cheaper alternative for families or individuals who cannot afford to pay more. TorontoRentals.com is a website that lists the different properties up for rent in major cities in Ontario. For example, a basement in the Greater Toronto Area is typically rented for $1200 to $1500 per month. Houses for rent in the GTA range between $2000 to $4000 monthly, depending on the number of rooms in the house.

There are many housing options available for newcomers to consider and choose from. While the cost of housing can be difficult for newcomers to deal with, options for housing usually increase as they settle in and find employment.

“As their time in Canada increases and they achieve more stable employment, many will be able to improve their housing position,” Mundie said.

There are also many organizations and services available that help match newcomers with cheaper housing options as well as offer support for paying rent and handling the legal aspects of lease agreements. For example, the Housing and Help Centre offers many services, such as the Toronto Rent Bank, which provides interest-free loans for those unable to pay overdue rent or provide a rent deposit. They also offer programs that help newcomers pay for their electricity and gas if it is not covered in their rental agreement. This website also allows new immigrants to find affordable housing services based on the region they live in. After choosing the region they live in, newcomers can click on the “Housing Assistance” link, and this will provide them with an entire list of housing organizations around them. New immigrants can learn more about each organization, such as their application processes, eligibility requirements, and contact information, by clicking on the links to each housing organization.

Newcomers struggling to find appropriate housing can get in touch with organizations and settlement agencies that provide housing assistance and resources to receive help. It is often difficult to find housing on your own, especially if you are unaware of where to look or who to ask. Make use of any help that is available to you, and don’t be afraid to ask for more help if you need it. At the end of the day, housing is a human right, and everyone deserves help in finding the right home for themselves.

Résumés 101

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Résumés 101

By Michelle Boon

Posted on February 22, 2021

resume

One of the first steps to finding a job in Canada is writing an excellent résumé. A résumé is an overview of your professional experience, skills, and achievements. They are usually submitted alongside a cover letter. When you’re finished writing your résumé, check out this how-to article about cover letters.

Résumés look different all over the world. This article will show you what to include in your résumé to impress Canadian employers.

Before you start writing, it’s helpful to save a copy of the job listing you are applying for. You can take a screenshot, copy and paste the text into a word document, or write down the points listed under “responsibilities” and “qualifications.” This will come in handy as you write your résumé and cover letter.

What does a Canadian résumé look like?

Canadian résumés are generally one to two pages long. Résumés for senior-level positions, however, can be three pages long. When submitting an application online, send your résumé as a PDF (.pdf) or Word document (.doc). These are the easiest formats for employers to access.

Your résumé should be well-organized and easy to read. Use headings and bullet points to organize your professional experience and skills. Before submitting it, pay close attention to detail. Make sure your font is consistent and large enough to read. It is recommended to use a professional font, such as Arial or Calibri, in 10- or 12-point size. Also make sure your margins are wide enough. A general guideline is to use 1-inch margins. Résumés crammed with text can be overwhelming to read. Some words may even be cut off if the résumé is printed.

Canadian résumés also look different depending on the job and the company. Relating your skills and experience directly to a job description shows that you fully understand the position. Changing your résumés for each application increases your chances of getting an interview but takes more time.
Resume
Additionally, many companies use software to filter applicants based on keywords. Language copied from the job description will help your résumé stand out positively.

Starting at the top of the page, your résumé should include:

  • Your full legal name
  • Phone number
  • An email address

Set your name to a slightly bigger font to stand out. Be sure that your email address looks professional. Avoid nicknames and email addresses with lots of numbers, like newcomer1234@gmail.com. Try to get an email as close to your full name as possible. Additionally, use email services like Gmail or Outlook. These are the most commonly used and look the most professional.

Summary statement

When a hiring manager reviews your application, you want to get their attention from the start with a summary statement. A summary statement includes the skills and accomplishments that qualify you for the job. It is usually no longer than two to three sentences, and it usually appears at the top of your résumé. Make sure to highlight skills that match the job description and use keywords in your statement. If possible, quantify your skills with numbers.

Here is an example of a summary statement for a cashier résumé:

Precise and friendly cashier with 1+ year of experience delivering quality customer service. Thrives in a fast-paced work environment, moves through the check-out process with consistent speed and accuracy, and serves upwards of 100 customers in a regular shift.

Notice how the summary statement avoids pronouns. Avoiding “I” statements saves space and lists your skillset more efficiently.

If you don’t have a lot of previous work experience, a summary statement might not be necessary. You may benefit more from expanding your list of skills or highlighting your volunteer experience.

Work Experience

This section makes up the bulk of your résumé. Here you list previous job positions and detail what you did in those positions in four or five bullet points. This does not necessarily mean paid work. Volunteer positions are also worth listing if you gained useful skills or completed impressive projects.

There are many different ways to format this information, but for each position, you must always include:

  • Your job title
  • The company name
  • Start and end dates for the position you held

As always, use key words and phrases when describing previous work.

There are different ways to organize your work experiences:

Reverse chronological is the most common. In this format, you list your most recent position first and work backwards.

Functional résumés emphasize relevant experience regardless of when you gained that experience. This format is ideal if you don’t have much work experience or if you had periods of time where you were not working. Gaps in employment may raise concerns for hiring managers. The best résumés draw attention away from any time gaps and highlight your work and skills.

Education

If you have limited professional experience, you can list your education directly after your summary statement. If you have multiple post-secondary degrees, list your highest level of education first. You usually do not include high school education unless it is your highest level of education.

If you completed education outside of Canada, consider getting your degree assessed. Listing the Canadian equivalent to your qualification can help employers gage your skill level.

You can also mention specific courses you have taken if they are relevant to the job.

Skills

Include skills that match the job description. Use those keywords! You might want to mention skills like proficiency in Microsoft Office, customer service, communication, and leadership.

You don’t have to list all of your skills in a single section. Your summary statement and bullet points detailing your work experience also convey your abilities. To save space, include skills that you haven’t already mentioned.

As a newcomer, you have many valuable skills. Settling in a new country demonstrates resilience, initiative, and the ability to learn new things quickly. Canadian companies also value candidates who can speak a second language. Multilingualism is a unique ability that not everyone has. Definitely show off these skills on your résumé.

Other things to include

So, you included your name, personal contact information, work experience, education, and skills on your résumé. Still have space? You can round out your résumé with hobbies, publications, awards, or a project you worked on. Again, always try to keep it relevant to the job posting and the company you are applying to. For example, if a company values sustainability, you could include a blog post you wrote about reducing carbon emissions.

What not to include

Leave out any information about your personal life. Canadian employers value professional skills and experience. They are not allowed to factor personal identity into the hiring process.

Never include:

  • A photo of yourself
  • Age
  • Marital status
  • Social insurance number
  • Religious or political views
  • The number of children you have

If you need help writing a résumé, here are some resources:

Monster.ca offers sample résumés from all different fields and job positions.

Settlement.org also offers a search engine to find services near you. Search “employment resource centre” or “settlement services” to find a help centre in your area. These centres often offer free résumé and cover letter workshops.

If you’re not quite ready to write your résumé, check out this article which provides an overview on how to gain work experience in Canada.

How to build your business in Canada

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How to build your business in Canada

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on February 22, 2021

Open sign

As an immigrant, permanent resident, or Canadian citizen one of your goals might be to run your own company in Canada. Maybe you have an entrepreneurial spirit. Maybe you don’t enjoy working for an employer. Perhaps you have a brilliant business idea that you want to bring to life. If you feel like running a company is your calling, there are several steps you can take to achieve that goal.

Brainstorm and research ideas

In order to launch a successful company, you have to have a good business idea. Take note of your skills, conduct market research, examine trends, and think of ways to enhance existing products or offer something new to the market. Attend entrepreneurial and business events where you can meet like-minded individuals. Find a mentor, someone who can help you further develop your idea and keep you accountable to your goals.

Create a business plan

Once you have developed your idea, you should start writing a business plan. A well-developed plan is clear, precise, thorough, and easy to review. Investors, lenders, and bankers should be able to see how you will organize, manage, and grow your new company.

Resources for creating a business plan:

Choose and register your business name

Select a memorable name that summarizes and reflects your brand. If you decide to register as the sole proprietor of your company and are operating it under your legal name, you do not need to register your business name. In any other case (partnership or corporation), you’ll have to register your business name.

Look at financing options

In terms of financing, adults can apply for funding from government funding programs, while teenagers and young adults can apply for specific grants or loans. Another option is to apply for CBC’s “Dragons’ Den”, a Canadian TV show where Canadians pitch their business ideas to Dragons (investors), and the Dragons decide whether or not they want to invest in them (offer capital).

Obtain business licenses and permits

You may need to obtain municipal, federal, or provincial licenses or permits for your company. You can check out BizPal for a list of documents you will need for your business.

Register for a GST/HST account

Unless your business’ gross earnings stay under $30,000, you will need to register for a goods and services tax (GST) and harmonized sales tax (HST) account. If you don’t register, your company will incur tax penalties for not filing GST/HST returns.

Open a business bank account

A business chequing account can help you manage and keep track of your company expenses and deal with any tax or legal issues.

Promote your business

Lastly, once your business is up and running—you’ve done all the paperwork, received financial support, purchased business insurance, and hired employees (if necessary)—all you have left to do is promote it! Develop and put your marketing plan to action and promote your company across social media channels and other forms of advertisement.
inspirational signs

Apply for the Start-up Visa Program (for immigrants only)

If you would like to start a company in Canada but are not yet a permanent resident or Canadian citizen, you can immigrate to Canada through the Start-up Visa Program. The Start-up Visa Program is for innovative immigrant entrepreneurs with the skills and potential to build businesses in Canada. The business must be able to create jobs for Canadians and compete globally.

In order to apply for the program, the immigrant must:

  • Get a letter of support from a designated organization — convincingly pitch your idea to one or more venture capital funds, angel investor groups, or business incubators.
  • Have a qualifying business — you should have over 10 per cent voting rights as well as joint voting rights of over 50 per cent with the designated organization. Once you are a permanent resident, you need to manage your company, run essential business operations, and incorporate the business in Canada.
  • Meet the language requirements — take a language test from an approved agency and achieve the minimum Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) requirements for the listening, reading, speaking, and writing components in either English or French.
  • Bring enough money to settle — provide proof that you have the money to support yourself and your dependants. (The minimum amount required is nearly $13, 000 CAD for one family member. This amount is updated every year.)

5 ways to build your credit score

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5 ways to build your credit score

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on February 22, 2021
mobile app - credit score

According to Experian, a consumer credit company, credit is the ability to borrow money or access goods or services with the understanding that you will pay it back later. In Canada, credit is really important and can help you make big purchases like a house and car. Credit can also be used to get access to credit cards, phone plans, and other types of goods and services. Having bad credit in Canada can be a disadvantage, which is why it’s important to maintain a good credit score.

What is a credit score?

A credit score is a three-digit number that comes from information taken from your credit report. This number shows whether or not you manage your credit well, and if it would be risky for lenders to let you borrow money. Credit scores usually range from 300 to 900. The lower the number, the worse your credit. In Canada, good credit scores are usually between 660 and 724; 725 to 759 is very good, and 760 and up is considered excellent. It generally takes about 18 months for you to build your credit score to the point that it will be considered when applying for a loan.

What affects my credit score?

Information taken from your credit report has a direct impact on your credit score. Information in your credit report will be taken from places that have extended you credit. This could include institutions such as the bank, your telephone provider, or a car dealership.

Your payment history is something that directly impacts your credit score. Whether or not you pay your bills on time is reflected in your score. If you always pay your bills on time and in full, you can expect your credit score to go up. If you don’t pay your bills on time, you can expect your score to go down. If you miss a payment, your credit score will be negatively affected and will go down.

The amount of debt you have will also impact your credit score. If you have a lot of debt from other lenders, other borrowers may not want to lend you money. It’s best to keep your debt as little as possible. If you owe money, it’s important to make active payments to reduce the amount due. Otherwise, this debt will be poorly reflected in your credit score.

The duration of your credit history also has an impact on your credit score. The longer you are in Canada practicing good financial habits, the higher your credit score will be.

Your credit utilization ratio also impacts your credit score. Your credit utilization ratio is calculated by taking how much you currently owe and dividing it by your current credit limit. The lower this number is, the better. This number represents the percentage of the available credit you have used up. The general rule of thumb is not to use more than 30 to 35 percent of the available limit on your credit cards to help maintain a good credit score.

Five easy ways to build your credit:

Now that you have an understanding of what a credit score is and how it works, here are five easy ways to help build your credit as a newcomer.
piggy bank

1. Apply for a secured credit card

Credit cards provide you with a set amount of funds that you can use. At the end of the month, you are expected to pay back these funds. The better your credit score and payment history, the more funds you can access. This is one of the best ways to build your credit score, as it’s an important form of credit that many lenders look at. Because you’re trying to build your new credit history, you want to go for a secured credit card. This is because these cards are easier to get with no credit history. With a secured credit card, you put down a deposit that will act as collateral in case you don’t make a payment. If you can access an unsecured credit card, this is even better, as the interest rates and fees will typically be lower. The difference between secured and unsecured cards is that with an unsecured one, you don’t have to make a deposit, and it’s harder to get an unsecured card. You usually qualify for these cards if you have good credit history and good financial health.

At the bottom of this article, you will find links to the major banks in Canada and their banking services, such as the credit cards they offer. You can take a look at the links below to find the best option for you!

2. Apply for a phone

Applying for a contract-based monthly phone plan is a great and easy way to start earning your credit. These plans are called “postpaid” and mean that they are paid after the date of use. These are different from prepaid plans, where you pay for the plan before you use it. When you pay your phone bill on time, the phone provider reports this to the credit bureaus, which helps build your credit history. You can go to a major communications provider, such as Rogers, Telus, Bell, and many others, and apply for a postpaid phone plan. The cost of these phone plans varies depending on what features you get, and they can be as low as $40 or as high as $200. Some providers such as Telus don’t require credit history to open an account, if you are new to Canada. Moving2Canada, a guide for newcomers in Canada, has more information on their site about Canadian phone providers and what they require.

3. Pay bills and credit card balance on time

Paying your bills on time is one of the most important things you can do as a newcomer to build your credit history. This shows lenders that you are a good borrower and that you will pay what you owe, which makes it more likely for them to give you money. For example, the bank may offer to raise your credit limit from $1,000 to $2,500 if they see that you have a good credit history. If you do not pay your bills on time, lenders will also see this and be more likely to say no or set more terms. Even if you can’t pay the entire balance, making some effort to pay even a small amount will work wonders for you. If you can’t pay your bill on time that month, call your provider as soon as possible and ask to set up a payment plan that works for you. Not only is paying your bills on time important for your credit score, but it’ll also help you save money. Sometimes when you don’t pay your bills on time, interest is added to your initial balance.

4. Apply to the Landlord Credit Bureau

This is an alternative option for people who are looking for additional ways to boost their credit score. The Landlord Credit Bureau has partnered with major credit reporting agencies like Equifax and TransUnion. This partnership makes it possible for tenants and landlords to have their rent payments reflected on their credit score. You can report your information to the Landlord Credit Bureau, who then passes it onto companies like Equifax and TransUnion, and these companies, in turn, incorporate it in your credit report. If you are paying your rent on time and in full, this could be a great option for you. However, this service is not free and starts at $29.99/year.

5. Use different types of credit

You can also use various types of credit to help build your credit history. Having different types of credits means having credit with different companies that offer different products. For example, having a credit card, a postpaid phone plan, and paying for a car on a monthly basis are three different types of credit. Having different types of credit helps build your credit history faster than having just one. Paying your bills on time shows that you’re able to handle different types and amounts of credit.

Credit is very important in Canada. It can either make your life easier or harder, depending on your financial choices. Making good financial choices can help set you up for success and increase your credit score. Don’t let a bad credit score prevent you from making important purchases for your life in Canada.

Resources:

Landlord Credit Bureau:
https://landlordcreditbureau.com

Cell Phone Related:
A newcomer’s guide to understanding Canadian cellphones: https://moving2canada.com/cell-phone-plan-in-canada/

Banking/Credit Card Related:
How to choose the Canadian bank for you (for newcomers): https://moving2canada.com/best-bank-in-canada/

Canadian Newcomer Banking Programs (Including Credit Cards):

Secured Credit Cards:

12 tips and tricks that you can use to save money when shopping

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12 tips and tricks that you can use to save money when shopping

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on February 22, 2021

online shopping

Whether you’re shopping online or in person, there is most likely something you can do to save money. There are many resources that you can access online to help you cut costs. There are also other ways to save money, like using credit cards and choosing the right time to shop. This article will give you 12 tips and tricks that you can use to save money when shopping.

1. Research

First things first; it’s important to research the product that you are trying to buy. You should look at different retailers and compare the price that they are selling the item for. This can help you save money or even find other deals for things you were hoping to purchase. Thanks to technology, there are many great websites that you can use that will help you do this. Canadian websites like ShopBot and PriceGrabber let you compare the price of the item you’re looking for. ShopBot is especially good for electronics and can be great to use when you’re looking for a phone or computer. PriceGrabber is helpful when you are looking for furniture. You can also use these sites to help you price match. You can do this by going into the store and presenting proof that one of their products is sold at a lower price by one of their competitors, and if they offer price-matching, they’ll sell you the item for the same price. Double-check with the places you’re looking to shop in to find out if they do price matching.

Another site you can use to research great deals and savings is GroupOn. This site offers thousands of coupons and special deals for various categories. When making a purchase, visit these sites and search for what you’re looking to buy. This small action could save you money, making it more than worth your while.

2. Coupons

Another way to cut costs when you want to buy something is to use coupons. You can find a coupon for almost anything online. A quick google search can give you access to hundreds of coupons that could save you money when you shop online or in person. Websites and apps that you can use to find coupons include: RetailMeNot, Coupon Follow, GroupOn, Save.ca, Honey, and Smart Source. If you’re shopping online, you may have to try two or three different codes to find one that works.

3. Take advantage of holidays such as Black Friday and Boxing Day

In Canada, there are special holidays that are dedicated to shopping and sales, including Black Friday and Boxing Day.
shopping

  • Black Friday in Canada is in November. In 2021, it will take place on Friday, Nov. 26. During this holiday, many retailers have exclusive sales and deals that they don’t usually offer. Stores to pay attention to on Black Friday include Best Buy, Walmart, and Amazon. These stores usually have big sales on high-priced items, making it the perfect time to purchase them.
  • Boxing Day is on Dec. 26 and is also known for its big sales. The day after Christmas almost every retailer has a sale, which could be a great time to stock up on products and buy what you’ve been looking for.

Save some money, so that when these days arrive, you can purchase what you need at discounted amounts.

4. Sign up for email newsletters

A big tip that is often overlooked when trying to save money while shopping is signing up for email newsletters. When online shopping, little pop-ups may appear on your screen asking you to enter your email and sign up for their newsletter in return for a special coupon code. Simply entering your email could earn you 10 or 20 per cent off your purchase! When you shop in person, retailers usually ask you for your email, so they can send you newsletters. Take the extra 30 seconds and sign up, so you can take advantage of their deals the next time you are there.

5. Follow the brands on social media

If you like to shop at a certain place, it’s wise to follow their social media accounts. Many brands promote their sales through social media and sometimes even offer special discount codes for their followers to use. This is a free and easy trick that you can use to save money.

6. Sign up for rewards programs

Signing up for rewards programs can help you save money at shops that you frequent. Stores usually offer membership programs or clubs which you can join. Once you join, you typically receive a card or ID number that you can use when shopping. Some stores also offer special membership programs that provide further opportunities for savings. Sometimes, you have to pay for these programs. If you visit these stores often, that up-front cost could end up saving you more in the long-run. Many times, these programs are free! For example, some gas stations offer membership rewards programs, which allow you to earn points and later redeem them for other items.

There are also programs like PC Optimum and Air Miles that are popular in Canada. These programs allow shoppers to save money when shopping at hundreds of different retailers. A PC Optimum membership allows you to earn points on every purchase you make at popular Canadian stores like Shoppers Drug Mart, Fortinos, Loblaws, NoFrills, The Real Canadian Superstore, and some gas stations. Likewise, Air Miles also helps you earn points on purchases you make, which could then be exchanged for cash. These programs might require a small investment at the start, but that investment will be worth it if you’re a frequent shopper at these places.

7. Use a cash-back credit card

Another simple way you can save money when shopping is by getting a cash-back credit card. Almost all Canadian banks have a cash-back credit card option. These special cards allow you to earn a percentage of your purchase back in cash. This percentage might be a small figure, but it adds up after a while. Typically, these cards allow you to earn money back on a few categories of your choice—such as food or gas—at one fixed rate. They then offer you a lower fixed rate for the rest of your purchases.

Some cards have a fee, but others, like the Tangerine Money-Back Card, are cost-free. Getting one of these cards is one of the best things you can do to help you save money when you shop.

8. Add items to your cart online

An overlooked tip that could help you buy cheaper products online involves adding items to your online cart and then leaving the website. A lot of websites have an automated service that they use to recover abandoned carts by emailing the person. These emails often provide a special discount code that the retailer uses to lure the customer in. Being aware of this marketing strategy can help you save money next time you shop somewhere online.

9. When online shopping, clear your browser history and cache

Sometimes, websites will charge you a higher price for an item that they know you have been researching. For instance, when you’re looking to purchase flights, it’s best to clear your browser history or even use a private browsing mode to search for your tickets. Websites may overcharge you if they can access your browser history and see that they have something you need.

10. Timing is everything

Timing is everything when it comes to shopping. Specific times or dates are particularly better for purchasing certain items than others. Some people say that it’s better to shop for flights on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. Whatever you’re looking to get, it pays to find out the ideal time to make the purchase. When looking for clothes, it’s usually cheaper to buy summer clothes in the winter and winter clothes in the summer. Because the demand for these products is low during these times, you can usually get them at a better price. If you’re hoping to purchase food, many restaurants offer items at a discounted amount around closing time to help them sell the remaining food. Even buying fruits and vegetables while they’re in season can help you cut down some costs. Find out when things are sold for a lower price and take advantage of this to save more money.

11. Take advantage of smartphone apps

Apps and websites can also help you save money when you shop. Apps like Paribus notify you when the price of an item drops. Sites like Rakuten allow you to earn cash back on products you buy by shopping through their platform. Other apps like Flipp let you access flyers for stores, which is helpful for research and price matching purposes.
online shopping

12. Don’t be afraid of used items

When shopping, don’t be afraid to buy used items. Sometimes, you can get items in good condition. Sites like Kijiji, eBay, and Facebook Marketplace allow you to purchase used products such as cars, appliances, furniture, and almost anything else you can think of. Poshmark and ThredUP are websites and apps that you can use to find used clothing. You can also go to thrift stores and consignment shops to find used items for a lower amount than you would in stores. When purchasing used products, make sure to inspect them thoroughly before you buy them, especially for more expensive purchases, like a car.

These are just some of the many ways that could help you save money while shopping. Don’t break the bank when making your routine purchases. If you’re looking for more information on how to cut costs while grocery shopping, The Newcomer provides tips for doing so.

If there’s one thing you should always do when shopping, it’s to make sure to research whatever you’re looking to buy. Putting everything else aside, this is the most important way to save money as a shopper.

Catholic education in Canada 

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Catholic education in Canada

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on February 22, 2021

Catholic school

When considering elementary schools and high schools in Canada, you have the option of sending your children to a public school, private school, or Catholic school. Canadians can choose to enroll in whichever type of school they want, depending on their personal values and beliefs. Some of the reasons parents might choose to send their children to Catholic school are:

  • They are Catholic and want their kids to develop a strong foundation with the church and their faith.
  • They believe their kids’ teachers will be good role models who have strong moral values because they are also Catholic.
  • Schools often have ties to the local parish. For example, all the students who attend one school will often attend the same church on Sundays.
  • People may believe that Catholic schools provide a better education.

On the other hand, Catholic schools aren’t for everybody. Some reasons that parents choose to send their kids to public schools are:

  • They don’t identify with the Catholic faith.
  • Public schools are fully funded by the government but not all Catholic schools are.
  • There is more diversity in the classrooms
  • Public schools often have additional programs, like Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate, which Catholic schools may or may not have.
  • Proximity to home – there are more public schools than Catholic schools, so public schools are more likely to be closer to home.

The choice between Catholic and public schools largely depends on whether or not parents want their kids exposed to Catholic teachings at school or whether religion is something that will be taught and practiced at home.
classroom

History

The history of Catholic education in Canada goes back to its colonial roots. Both Protestant and Catholic schools exist across the country, reflecting the status of denominational schools (schools associated with a particular religion) before Confederation in 1867. In 1620, the Recollets missionaries established a school for Native children in the colony of Quebec. Jesuits and other Protestant religions later established their own schools as well. The majority of the French population was Catholic and had attended schools operated by the Catholic church. However, the English colonists were Anglican, but they agreed to support Catholic schools, in addition to their own schools, if they followed the provincial curriculum and if certified teachers taught the curriculum.

Public schools gradually removed religious education from the curriculum, but religious education continued in Catholic schools. In the 1970s, a World Religions course was introduced in Catholic and public high schools, which was optional for public school students. Universities also began establishing departments for religious studies. In 1990, the Ontario Ministry of Education announced a new policy that did not permit public boards to teach specific religious education; however, religious education was still permitted in Catholic boards.

Over time, denominational school systems in the provinces have dissolved. Currently, the only publicly funded faith-based school boards are in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Northwest Territories, and Yukon. However, there are Catholic private schools in all provinces. In Ontario alone, there are four distinct school systems: English public, English Catholic, French public, and French Catholic.

Curriculum

The Catholic education curriculum follows the provincial curriculum, and it is grounded in the foundational teachings of the Catholic Church. According to the Ontario Catholic Schools Trustees’ Association, the focus of Catholic education is to learn about Jesus Christ and live according to his teachings. Subjects including math, reading, science, and arts are taught through a Catholic lens. One example in the Ontario Catholic Elementary Curriculum Policy Document for Religious Education states that studying ecosystems in science class can be used as a lesson on how God created all living things and how these must be cared for. Religion is a separate subject where students study the Bible and Christ’s teachings. Students also engage in daily prayer in the classroom. They also attend regular Catholic mass and prepare for Catholic sacraments, or religious ceremonies. For example, Grade 2 students usually prepare for their First Eucharist and First Reconciliation, and Grade 7 students prepare for their Confirmation.
kids at school

Current issues

Catholic school boards promote themselves as inclusive, welcoming, and supportive environments. However, that’s not always the case. Discrimination and homophobic bullying regularly occur in Catholic schools among students, teachers, and administrators. In 2018, Barb Hamilton, a principal at the Calgary Catholic School District, was forced to leave her job because of her sexuality. Hamilton said she knew of ten LGBQT+ students who had hurt themselves. Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states that every individual is equal under the law regardless of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical ability. The constant discrimination against the LGBQT+ community in Catholic schools is likely because of the Catholic doctrine itself, which considers “homosexual acts” as “intrinsically immoral and contrary to the natural law.” There is also an ongoing battle in Alberta Catholic schools to set up and protect Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA) clubs. In 2018, a legislation known as Bill 24 was passed in Alberta, which states that all school boards must allow GSA clubs to be formed if students request it. However, not all schools complied.

Not only does the Catholic school system discriminate against the LGBTQ+ community, but it is also divisive among other religions. While 38 per cent of Canadians identify as Roman Catholic, the largest denomination, the majority of Canadians identify with any of a dozen other religions and belief systems that exist across Canada. Students of these other religions typically attend public schools. In 1999, the United Nations Human Rights Committee found that Ontario’s policy of funding Roman Catholic schools was discriminatory, as it provided funding to Catholic schools but not to other religious schools. Unfortunately, that didn’t change anything.

The need for Catholic schools might also become redundant. According to an article in The Walrus, organized religion is losing significance. The Roman Catholic church’s reputation is at an all-time low, and government budgets are scrutinized. Having different school systems results in higher costs, given that each system requires office space, copies of curricula, buses, buildings and facilities, and administrative staff. Students are fundamentally taught the same curriculum no matter what school they are in. However, students learn different things in Catholic school compared to public school, especially when it comes to controversial topics, such as gender identity, sex education, and science-related topics. Catholic school teachers are also increasingly worried, as the educational system becomes less Catholic and the number of students with little to no knowledge of Catholicism increases. However, there are private Catholic schools, where Catholic education is guaranteed. Tuition for these private schools may range between $7,000 and $20,000 dollars per year.

When choosing a school, it is important to do what is right for you and consider the advantages and disadvantages of attending a public, Catholic, or private school.

References

https://www.cisscanada.com/news/catholic-high-schools-in-canada.html

https://thewalrus.ca/why-are-we-still-paying-for-catholic-schools/

https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190948/http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/curricul/religion/religioe.html

https://iceont.ca/partners/

https://iceont.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Elementary-Religious-Ed-2012.pdf

https://iceont.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Secondary-Religious-Education-Policy-Document-FINAL-MASTER-DOCUMENT-Nov-2016.FINAL-for-PRINT16-11-23-minus-COURSE-CODES.pdf

https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/homophobia-hallways-lgbtq-people-risk-catholic-schools

https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/check/art15.html

https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-roman-catholic-church

https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/new-gay-straight-alliance-law-takes-effect-not-all-schools-appear-to-comply

https://www.ocsta.on.ca/

https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~wallind/chaptertwo5.html

https://www.ourkids.net/private-catholic-schools.php

Cover Letters 101

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Cover Letters 101

By Michelle Boon

Posted on February 22, 2021

Typewriter

When you apply for jobs in Canada, there are often two parts to the application. Your résumé, and your cover letter.

Your résumé is an overview of your experience and skills. Your cover letter is your opportunity to expand on your skills and demonstrate that you are exactly the person for the job.

Companies aren’t just looking for qualified people. They are looking for people who align with the culture and goals of the company.

To convey that you’re perfect for the job, research company values, projects, or recent news. Use this knowledge as the basis of your cover letter. Hiring managers appreciate this level of effort. Additionally, relating your skills to the company makes a stronger argument that you’re right for the job.

Like writing résumés, it’s best to customize each cover letter. In addition to including details about the companies, use key words and phrases from the job description.

This can be time consuming, but it could be the difference between getting an interview and not hearing back at all. This research will also be useful if you are invited for an interview.
Shaking hands
Your cover letter should not exceed one page (unless the job description says otherwise). Use a basic, professional font, such as Arial or Calibri, in a 10- or 12-point size and standard 1-inch margins on all sides. Unless otherwise specified, it is advised that you include your first and last name as well as type of document, in this case, “Cover Letter,” in your file name (for example, FirstName_LastName_CoverLetter). Lastly, save your file as either a Word document (.doc) or a PDF (.pdf). If you are printing your letter, it would be a good idea to use quality paper and ink for better presentation.

Typically, a cover letter includes the following elements:

  • Your name
  • Your email address
  • Your phone number
  • The date
  • Address of the company you are applying to
  • A salutation
  • A demonstration of your qualifications
  • Knowledge of the company
  • A closing statement
  • A closing salutation

Name and contact information

Your name and contact information follow the same rules as your résumé. This information goes at the top of page. Set your name to a slightly larger font, and make sure your email address looks professional.

The address

Next, address your letter. Even if you are not sending your cover letter by mail, it looks more professional to include the address of the company. This information is usually just a Google search away.

Greeting

The greeting on the other hand is a little trickier to research. Whenever possible, avoid using generic greetings, such as “Dear Hiring Manager.” While using this greeting is fine, using the hiring manager’s name makes a better impression.

If this information is not listed in the job description, there are a few ways to find it.

If there is an email address included in the job listing, send them a message asking who to address your cover letter to.

If there is no contact information listed, try LinkedIn. You can search the company on the professional networking site and view their employees. See if you can find anyone with the job title “hiring manager,” “talent acquisition,” or “human resources.” It’s likely that these individuals handle the hiring process at the company, but it’s always good to double check. Send them a message to confirm whom to reference in your letter.

In some cases, you can also message any employee who works at the company. They may not be the ones viewing your application, but they might be able to give you the hiring manager’s name. You may also be able to use this opportunity to make new professional connections. Check out this article on how to network in Canada to learn more about networking.

Introduction

Introduce yourself in the first paragraph. Write two or three sentences about why you are qualified and why you want to work for that company. It can be as simple as stating your job title, the amount of experience you have, and your skills as well as highlighting why you would be an asset for the company.

Here is an example of an introductory paragraph for a position in accounting:

As a highly organized account manager with 3+ years of experience, I hope to bring my attention to detail, computer skills, and superior financial reporting skills to Company XYZ.

Why you’re the best person for the job

Then, in the body paragraphs of your cover letter, relate your work experience to the company. A mistake many people make in their cover letters is focusing exclusively on themselves. Your cover letter should tell the company how your skills would benefit them.

Use your company research and the job description as inspiration. Key words and phrases from the company website and job listing are your best friend. A job listing might ask for a “team player” who “works closely with clients to develop projects.” Write about experiences that closely relate to these elements using specific words from the job description.

When discussing your skills and experience, avoid simply listing your day-to-day responsibilities. Instead, emphasize the impact you made in your previous positions. This can be anything from increasing sales, making a system more efficient, or starting a new club at your school. When possible, quantify your impact with numbers. For example: “I increased sales by 10%.”

These paragraphs vary in content and structure depending on the field and position you apply to. To get an idea of what a cover letter looks like, check out these sample cover letters on Monster.ca.

Closing statements

To finish your cover letter:

1. Sum up your strengths. Remind the reader of your skills and how they would benefit the company. Try not to use too many words and phrases from your body paragraphs. It can be repetitive to read.

2. Be assertive. “I look forward to discussing how I would apply my skills at Company XYZ” shows more confidence than “I hope to hear from you.” It’s a simple way to potentially increase your chances of getting that interview.

3. Be polite. Always thank your reader for their time and consideration. Also, use a professional phrase when signing off, such as “sincerely” or “best regards” instead of “yours” or “cheers.”

Need help? Here are some resources:

If you are having difficulty writing your cover letter, don’t worry. There are many resources to help you write your résumé and cover letter:

This Settle At Work document breaks down the different parts of a cover letter, provides sample cover letters, and includes a checklist of what to include.

Settlement.org also offers a search engine to find services near you. Search “employment resource centre” or “settlement services” to find a help centre in your area. These centres often offer free résumé and cover letter workshops.

Cover letters can be tricky for everyone. Luckily, as a newcomer you have lots of skills to offer to Canadian employers. With some practice and proofreading, you’re sure to get an interview.

Marriage and divorce in Canada

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Marriage and divorce in Canada

By Dara Poizner

Posted on February 22, 2021

wedding rings

This article provides general information about the legal aspects of marriage and divorce in Canada for people who have immigrated or plan to immigrate.

Marriage

In Canada, marriage is a legal process rather than a religious ceremony (although many people who get married also have a religious ceremony). Federal and provincial/territorial governments both make laws about marriage. Marriages that take place in Canada must meet federal and provincial requirements to be considered legal. The federal government is responsible for determining who has the capacity to get married in Canada. Having the “capacity to marry” means having the physical, mental, and legal ability to get married.

Provinces and territories are responsible for rules about the formal marriage ceremony. Each province or territory has a Marriage Act outlining these rules.

General rules about marriage

Marriage ceremonies must be performed by someone with legal authority, and witnesses are needed to validate the ceremony.

One can only be married to one person at a time. People who have been married in the past must divorce before getting married again.

There are minimum age requirements for being married in Canada, determined by the province or territory. People who get married must be at least:

  • 19 years old in British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and the Yukon.
  • 18 years old in Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan.

In some provinces and territories, people can get married as young as 16 if their parents approve it.

People cannot marry their close relatives (biological or adoptive). It is not legal for anyone to marry their parent, child, sibling, half-sibling, grandparent, or grandchild.

If someone is already married in their country of origin

If the marriage was legal in the place where it occurred, and it meets the requirements of Canadian federal law, the government of Canada usually recognizes the foreign marriage. For example, someone who is legally married in Belgium would be considered married in Canada, as long as the marriage follows Canadian federal rules. If the marriage is not legal in the place where it occurred, it will not be recognized by the Canadian government.

Details about how Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) evaluates foreign marriages can be found in the document “OP 2 Processing Members of the Family Class.”

Common-law relationships

A common-law partnership is the relationship between a couple who has lived together for at least one full year. Legally, a common-law partnership is established based on the facts of each individual relationship: for example, by evaluating how long the couple has lived together as well as their shared assets. In this way, it is different from a marriage, which is established by law.
Couple moving boxes

Sponsorship

If you are a Canadian citizen or permanent resident who is at least 18 years old, you may be able to sponsor your family members to immigrate to Canada. This includes sponsoring a spouse or partner. There are several guidelines about who is eligible to sponsor and be sponsored, which you can review on the IRCC website. For a sponsorship application to be recognized, your spouse or partner must also be at least 18 years old.

For more information on sponsoring a common-law partner, visit the IRCC page on assessing a common-law relationship for immigration purposes.

Divorce

Laws about divorce are federal, which means that they are the same throughout Canada. They are outlined in the Divorce Act.

Generally, you must meet these criteria to get a divorce in Canada:

  • Your marriage is recognized in Canada.
  • The relationship has broken down, and you do not believe you will get back together.
  • You or your spouse have lived in the province or territory where you will be applying for divorce for at least a full year before applying.

While the federal government created the Divorce Act, provinces and territories are responsible for the divorce process. You must fill out the forms for divorce at the provincial or territorial court where you live.

You cannot divorce under the Divorce Act if neither you nor your spouse lives in Canada. However, you may be able to end the marriage using the Civil Marriage Act if:

  • You married in Canada but live outside of Canada, and;
  • The country where you and/or your spouse live does not recognize your Canadian marriage.

Grounds for divorce

The only requirement for divorce in Canada is that the marriage has broken down. According to the Divorce Act, any of these criteria can be proof of a breakdown:

  • You and your spouse have been living apart for at least one year. (In some cases, spouses still live together after deciding to separate, and courts will consider other factors to determine if they are separated.)
  • Your spouse has been physically or mentally cruel to you.
  • Your spouse has committed adultery.

Divorce and immigration status

According to the Ontario newcomer information website Settlement.Org, if you are a citizen or permanent resident of Canada, you usually will not lose your immigration status because your relationship has ended (there are some exceptions for permanent residents). If you have been granted refugee status, you will not lose your status.

Sponsors are financially responsible for the spouse they sponsored for three years after arriving in Canada, even if the relationship ends.

If you are with an abusive spouse or partner and worried that you will lose your immigration status if you leave them, you can get a temporary resident permit (TRP). It will give you a legal immigration status, and you can also get a TRP for your children if they are in Canada. In cases of family violence, there is no initial fee for a TRP.

Legal assistance

When dealing with matters of marriage or divorce, you may need legal information or services, including advice about how these issues relate to immigration or sponsorship. For example:

  • If you need to check that your foreign marriage or divorce is legal in Canada
  • If you are a refugee claimant who is separated from your spouse, and your claim is based on your spouse’s situation
  • If your sponsorship has broken down, and you do not have a permanent resident status

If you cannot afford a lawyer, legal aid programs in each province and territory provide legal services to eligible people with low income. This article has information about accessing legal aid and other community resources.
signing papers

If you are planning to apply for divorce, it is often a good idea to get advice from a lawyer who can explain your rights and responsibilities and help you with documents and court proceedings. Divorce can be a very complicated process, especially when it comes to major issues like child support, custody and parenting, spousal support, and property. If you and your spouse are having trouble making difficult decisions, check the Inventory of Government-Based Family Justice Services to see if your province or territory offers services that may help you.

Sources

https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/resources/manuals/op/op02-eng.pdf

https://settlement.org/ontario/daily-life/life-events/marriage/will-the-canadian-government-recognize-my-foreign-marriage/

https://settlement.org/ontario/daily-life/life-events/divorce/how-can-i-get-a-divorce-in-ontario/

https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/fl-df/divorce/app.html#ex

https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/family-sponsorship.html

Prepare and practise: How to get ready for the Canadian citizenship test

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Prepare and practise: How to get ready for the Canadian citizenship test

By Russul Sahib

Posted on February 22, 2021

Canadian Flag

Receiving Canadian citizenship is one of the most important accomplishments for many newcomers. After years of patiently waiting and endless hours of preparation and study, many newcomers are relieved when they finally pass their citizenship test.

Newcomers may not know what questions to expect on their citizenship test, making it difficult to prepare for. Test-takers are asked 20 questions about the rights and responsibilities of Canadians as well as broader topics about Canada’s history, geography, government, law, and more. The test takes about 30 minutes to complete and includes a combination of multiple-choice and true-or-false questions. To pass the test, newcomers must answer 15 of the questions correctly.

To help newcomers prepare, the government of Canada provides a free study guide for newcomers which can be read online, downloaded as a PDF, and even listened to. There are also online practice citizenship tests offered at various libraries, such as the Toronto Public Library, that allow newcomers to become familiar with the types of questions that they might see on the real test. Another great way for newcomers to get ready for the test is to register for a citizenship test class. These are free classes offered by various organizations or school boards that help newcomers better prepare for the test.

Brunella Trinca is the principal of adult and continuing education of the Dufferin-Catholic school board, which offers practice citizenship classes. She said that many newcomers face challenges when it comes to understanding the specific vocabulary needed to do well in the citizenship test as well as working on their test-taking skills. While many newcomers are nervous when getting ready for the test, Trinca explained that the more they prepare, the more likely they are to be successful.

“Many newcomers preparing for the Canadian citizenship test often experience anxiety. They all want to succeed in getting their Canadian citizenship. Practising as many citizenship tests as possible gives them more confidence during their real test,” she said in an email response.

While becoming familiar with the test format is an important part of getting ready for the exam, newcomers are also advised to avoid leaving their studies to the last minute, especially since much of the material will be new to many newcomers.

“It is advisable that newcomers start preparing for a Canadian citizenship test as early as possible,” Trinca said.

While practising for the citizenship test is key, it is also essential that newcomers take the time to mentally prepare for the test day and relax. If you find that you are thinking too much about the test before taking it, try to stay busy with other hobbies that can help take your mind off the issue. If you feel comfortable doing so, you can also talk to a family member or friend about any overwhelming feelings you may have. Talking to someone often makes you feel better and helps you see that the problem in your head is not as big as it seems. Try not to enter the test room with the idea that you are bound to fail the test. Just remember that you have done your very best to prepare, and if, for some reason, you must re-take the test, you will able to do so.

Once you have passed the citizenship test, you can get excited about your upcoming citizenship ceremony! The citizenship ceremony will usually take place within three months of having passed your test. At the ceremony, newcomers will read the “Oath of Citizenship,” sign the Oath of Citizenship form, sing “O’Canada,” as well as finally receive their citizenship certificate!

Congratulations, you are now officially a Canadian citizen!

Low-cost legal services

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Low-cost legal services

By Dara Poizner

Posted on February 22, 2021
Legal Matters

People may need legal assistance for many reasons including for help with immigration, marriage and divorce, criminal charges, and child support.

For those with lower incomes, hiring a lawyer or paralegal can be difficult. The Canadian government has programs that offer affordable (and sometimes free) legal services to eligible people in need. This article will describe a few of the services in each province and territory and provide links to trusted resources.

What is legal aid?

Legal aid is a government program that helps provide legal services (including representation and advice) to people who cannot afford a lawyer. The services available through legal aid may include telephone and online help, referrals, and duty counsel. Duty counsel is when a lawyer is appointed for someone in court who does not have a lawyer.

Depending on the situation, legal aid may cover some or all legal fees, and recipients may need to repay some fees over time. Each province or territory has a legal aid office with its own services and eligibility criteria, related to the applicant’s finances.

scale

Community resources

Community legal clinics, law centres, or other service providers typically provide free or affordable legal advice or representation. The Ontario newcomer information website Settlement.Org says these clinics offer services like:

  • Free consultation and information
  • Help preparing for your case
  • Referral to a private practitioner, duty counsel, or community agency
  • Representation by an advocate such as a lawyer, community legal worker, or law student

To receive help from a community legal service, you usually need to live in the area that it serves and have an income below a certain level. It is important to check if your local clinic can assist with the area of law that applies to your situation. If it does not, they may try to find another resource that can help you.

Men shaking hands

Links to information and resources by province or territory

Note that in Canada, law is a government-regulated profession. This means that someone who practices law needs a license from a regulatory association. If you are getting help from a legal professional, it is important to make sure that they are qualified and in good standing.

Below you will find links to legal aid programs, other community resources, and the regulatory organization for law in each province and territory. Regulatory organization websites have directories with information about licensed lawyers in that province or territory.

This is not a list of all legal services available. It is meant as a starting point for researching options in your area.

Alberta

Legal aid and community resources: Legal Aid Alberta is a publicly funded nonprofit that provides legal services in family law, child welfare, immigration, and criminal defense. They have a list of community partners and support services (including legal clinics) that can provide help when legal aid does not apply.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of Alberta.

Lawyer referral service: The Law Society offers a lawyer referral service including a free 30-minute consultation with a lawyer.

British Columbia

Legal aid and community resources: Legal Aid BC provides legal information, advice, and representation in the areas of family and child welfare, criminal, and immigration law. They have a list of community partners located throughout the province.

Mosaic is a multilingual nonprofit offering many programs to help immigrants and refugees with settlement, including the Legal Advocacy Program. It helps eligible low-income newcomers deal with the legal system by providing information, referrals, and representation free of charge. The program prioritizes applicants who have difficulty speaking or understanding English.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of British Columbia.

Lawyer referral service: The legal organization Access Pro Bono offers a lawyer referral service including a free 30-minute consultation with a lawyer. This service is only for people who do not qualify for legal aid because they have a higher income.

Manitoba

Legal aid and community resources: Legal Aid Manitoba provides legal services to low-income individuals and public interest groups. They have a list of community law centres.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of Manitoba.

Lawyer referral service: The Community Legal Education Association has a phone-in and lawyer referral program.

New Brunswick

Legal aid and community resources: The New Brunswick Legal Aid Services Commission provides legal services to low-income individuals dealing with family or criminal matters. Because the government of New Brunswick does not have legal aid for immigration and refugee matters, the New Brunswick Refugee Clinic is a nonprofit that provides free legal services to refugee claimants and people applying for humanitarian immigration.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of New Brunswick.

Lawyer referral service: New Brunswick does not have a lawyer referral service.

Newfoundland and Labrador

Legal aid and community resources: The Newfoundland and Labrador Legal Aid Commission provides legal services to low-income individuals dealing with family or criminal matters.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Lawyer referral service: The Public Legal Information Association of Newfoundland and Labrador is a nonprofit that provides general legal information and education. They offer a 30-minute consultation with a lawyer for $40.

Northwest Territories

Legal aid and community resources: Legal Aid Northwest Territories provides legal services, advice, and representation, usually in the areas of family and child welfare and criminal law.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of the Northwest Territories.

Lawyer referral service: The Law Society has a directory of lawyers who can practice in the NWT (not all of whom live there). You can search by area of practice.

Nova Scotia

Legal aid and community resources: Nova Scotia Legal Aid deals with criminal, family, and social justice issues (including income security and housing). The Courts of Nova Scotia offer free legal clinics for people who are not familiar with the legal system and who have certain types of cases in the Nova Scotia Supreme Court or Court of Appeal.

Regulatory organization: The Nova Scotia Barristers’ Society.

Lawyer referral service: The Legal Information Society of Nova Scotia, a nonprofit, offers a lawyer referral service.

Nunavut

Legal aid and community resources: The Legal Services Board of Nunavut provides services in family, criminal, and civil law. The Law Society of Nunavut provides a list of public legal information resources through their website.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of Nunavut.

Lawyer referral service: The Law Society has a directory of lawyers who can practice in Nunavut (not all of whom live there). You can search by area of practice.

Ontario

Legal aid and community resources: Legal Aid Ontario provides legal help in family, refugee and immigration, criminal, mental health, and clinic law. They have a database of legal clinics that you can search by address or postal code. For people experiencing domestic abuse, LAO has interpreter services available in many languages.

Community Legal Education Ontario is an organization offering legal information and resources. Many of their resources are available in multiple languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, Farsi, French, Somali, Spanish, Tamil, and Urdu). They also have a directory of legal clinics in Ontario listed by region and with a section for specialty clinics.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of Ontario.

Lawyer referral service: The Law Society has a lawyer referral service, including a free 30-minute consultation with a lawyer or paralegal.

Prince Edward Island

Legal aid and community resources: PEI Legal Aid provides legal help and representation in the areas of criminal law, youth criminal justice, and family and civil law. Community Legal Information is a registered charity that provides public education about the law to residents of PEI.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of Prince Edward Island.

Lawyer referral service: Community Legal Information has a lawyer referral service, which offers a 45-minute consultation for $25 plus HST.

Quebec

Legal aid and community resources: Legal aid is offered by the Quebec Ministry of Justice. Centres de justice de proximité (community justice centres) provide free legal information, support, and referral services.

Regulatory organization: Barreau du Québec (the Bar of Quebec).

Lawyer referral service: The Bar of Quebec offers a lawyer referral service, available in French only.

Saskatchewan

Legal aid and community resources: Legal Aid Saskatchewan provides services in the areas of criminal and family law. Pro Bono Law Saskatchewan is a nonprofit that offers free legal advice to low-income individuals, including information about their Free Legal Clinics, where people can get up to one hour of free advice from a lawyer.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of Saskatchewan.

Lawyer referral service: Saskatchewan does not have a lawyer referral service.

Yukon

Legal aid and community resources: Yukon Legal Services Society is Yukon’s legal aid service provider. It provides lawyers to people who need but cannot afford one at no cost or low cost.

Regulatory organization: The Law Society of Yukon.

Lawyer referral service: The Law Society offers a lawyer referral service for $30 plus GST per consultation.

Small talk: What it is and how to get better at it

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Small talk: What it is and how to get better at it

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on February 22, 2021

Small talk is the conversation you make with the people around you about topics that are simple and non-personal. You typically have small talk with people you don’t know very well. These conversations are common in school, work, stores, and parks. People usually talk about topics like the weather, current events, and entertainment. This article will help you learn more about small talk, why it is important, and what topics to talk about.

Small talk is a part of everyday life in Canada. Examples of this type of conversation include: the conversation you have with a neighbor you don’t know well, a chat with a classmate you sit beside on the first day of school, or a quick comment to a colleague who works in the same department as you. Small talk is very common in Canada and can start with a “how are you” or a comment on the weather or the location. It’s normal to have small talk with people you don’t know at all or don’t know very well.

People use small talk to show respect, break silences, fill time, and be friendly. This casual conversation helps you connect with the people around you; it helps you make a good impression as someone friendly and respectful. Small talk is not only important because it’s a part of Canadian culture, but because it can also help you grow your personal and professional relationships. Important connections and relationships begin through small talk. The Newcomer has an article that explains networking in more detail if you are interested in learning about it further.

The Government of Canada published a guide called “Canada cultural insights,” where you can find more information about Canadian conversation customs and topics. This guide covers topics such as communication styles, displays of emotion, conversations, and relationship building. This guide can be helpful if you are trying to learn more about Canadian culture and communication.

How to make small talk:

Smile and make eye contact

If the person does not begin conversation with you first, a good way to start small talk is to smile and say something to that person. According to researchers at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, a university in the United States, smiling makes people happier. For this reason, smiling is a great way to start an interaction with someone you don’t know. Making eye contact is also a great way to start small talk and express engagement. Try commenting on something that you and that person share in common, such as the location or the weather. You can also ask the person how they are doing. Below, you’ll find a list of appropriate and inappropriate topics for casual conversations.
two women talking and smiling

Stick to safe and neutral topics

Because you’re having a conversation with someone you don’t know very well, it’s best to stay away from topics that are personal or controversial. Avoid topics that may make someone emotional or uncomfortable unless your conversation partner brings them up. Here are a few examples of inappropriate conversation topics you should be careful discussing:

  • Politics
  • Family
  • Personal issues like relationship or financial problems
  • Death or other tragic events
  • Money
  • Religion
  • Personal gossip
  • Appearance or age
  • Illness

Listen and acknowledge their comments

When making small talk, it’s best to ask questions and listen to the person’s response. After listening to what they say, you can make a comment of your own based on what they have told you. This shows that you have listened to them. It’s best not to talk over or interrupt people when they are speaking, as this can be seen as rude, especially if you don’t know them well.

Ending the conversation

Whatever the situation, it’s best to end the conversation on a positive, friendly note. When it’s time to close the conversation, you can end it by saying “I enjoyed talking to you; I hope you have a good day” or “It was great talking to you! I hope you take care.” Phrases such as these are a great way to end conversations with people you don’t know and show that you are polite and thoughtful.

You can practice small talk at work, when shopping, or wherever people are. Small talk is an important skill to develop, and the more you practice, the easier it will become.

Socializing at work

Appropriate topics for small talk in Canada:

  • Weather: Talking about the weather is always a safe topic and something that everyone can relate to. You can bring up the weather now or the next day’s. For example, you could say, “It’s so cold today!” It’s common in Canada to complain or make a comment about the weather during small talk.
  • Work: This topic works best when talking to your co-workers or people in your field. You can make a comment about your job or ask them a question about it. For instance, you can say, “I heard that your department got new computers. How are you enjoying them?”
  • School: School is a good topic for small talk especially when talking to students, faculty, or school staff. For example, if you’re a student, you can talk about a class with your classmates.
  • Sports and sporting events: This topic works well when the other person knows and cares about the event or team. A great tip for small talk is, if you see someone wearing a sports team logo, you can use that sporting team or sport in general as a topic for small talk. If you’re not familiar with the sport or team, you can ask them a question about it. In Canada, popular sports are hockey, basketball, and baseball, and they make great conversation starters.
  • Pop culture and entertainment: This topic can help you connect with someone based on a common interest. You can bring up popular movies, songs, and celebrity events as topics for small talk. For example, you can ask them if they have seen a movie and tell them your thoughts on it. The Newcomer has an article that talks about pop culture in Canada that you can read for an idea about potential topics.
  • News: Current news is a great topic to use when speaking to people who are familiar with the same type of news as you. You could currently bring up COVID-19 and the different news events that surround it or other popular new stories and topics.
  • Food: Food is something that everyone has in common and can be used to make small talk very easily. You can make a comment on a type of food or ask a question about it. This topic works great if you’re at a restaurant or grocery store. You can also do this when you see someone trying a new food; you can compliment their food and ask them something about it. You can say, “That looks delicious; what is it made from?”.
  • Hobbies: Another great conversation starter is talking about a common hobby or something you enjoy. This topic works great in the workplace because it lets you connect with other co-workers without revealing too much personal information. You can bring up your hobby or make a comment on theirs if they bring it up. For instance, when someone asks you “How are you?”, you can reply, “I’m good; I just finished writing a poem!”.
  • The location: The common location that you and your conversation partner share could be another topic for small talk. You can make a comment or ask a question. For example, if you’re at a store, you can ask the other person, “Do you shop here often?”.
  • Prices: A price tag is something you and the person you are speaking with could talk about, especially if both want to purchase the same item. For example, it is common in Canada to complain about the prices or make a comment about them. You can say, “The price of gas is so high these days!”.
  • Complement: If you’re struggling to find something to talk about, you can always compliment them. The best way to do this is by complimenting them on something they are wearing and then asking a question about that item. For instance, you could say, “I love your necklace, where did you get it from?”.
  • Their day: Asking someone how their day is going is a great way to connect with them and show that you are thoughtful and considerate.
  • Asking for their opinion: You can also ask someone for their opinion on something that is not sensitive, such as asking for their opinion on a book, movie, or other entertainment topic. You can also ask about good restaurants and food items. For example, you can say, “Do you know any good pizza stores in the area?”.

Example of small talk:

This is an example of small talk between two co-workers who happen to be in the break room at the same time.

Michael: “Hi Pam. How are you today?”

Pam: “Hi Michael, I’m doing well today. How about you?”

Michael: “I’m great. I heard we’ll be getting some sun tomorrow, so I’m excited for that!”

Pam: “Oh, really? That’s great news; it’s been a while since we have had any good weather around here.”

Michael: “Right? It’s been very cold for the last week now. Any special plans for the good weather?”

Pam: “Yes. I might take a bike ride or go to the park if it’s still nice on the weekend.”

Michael: “That’s great. Well, Pam, I hope you have a great day. I have to get back to work now.”

Pam: “Thanks Michael, you too. Take care.”

This conversation ended because Michael had to go back to work, but he could have brought up another topic or made a comment on Pam’s hobbies and plans for the weekend, such as bike riding and going to the park to continue the conversation.

Small talk is a normal part of Canadian culture. It’s a way to connect and relate with other people, whether you know them or not. With practice, small talk can be something that you don’t think twice about and something that comes to you naturally. Now that you know how to make small talk, you can go out in the world and start practicing. Next time you go out, start a conversation with someone you don’t know and try using one of the topics mentioned in this article. Remember to smile and also remember that things are not awkward unless you make them awkward.

Online dating in 2021

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Online dating in 2021

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on February 22, 2021
online dating graphic

Online dating is very popular in Canada, and many people use it to connect with other people in their area. Dating apps like Match.com have over 21-million users all over the world. With technology making online dating easier, this could be the right option for you. It’s also worth noting that online dating is very popular right now because many people are not able to go outside and meet others because of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. This article will help you understand what exactly online dating is and how to get started. This article will also introduce you to different apps and websites you can use to begin your online dating journey.

What is online dating?

Online dating is a modern way to meet people who are interested in forming connections and relationships. These sites allow you to create a profile with pictures and a short paragraph about yourself that can be seen by others. You can also view other people’s profiles and sort through profiles by selecting different categories. Eventually you can connect with compatible daters who you may be interested in and have conversations with them.

What apps and websites are there?

There are many apps and websites that you can use. Here is a list of some of the most common dating websites and apps in Canada.

– Match

Match is a dating website and app that has been around for over 20 years. Most of their services are free, but you can get a membership to access all their features, such as receiving notifications when someone reads your messages and having your profile highlighted on the site. The memberships start at $17.99 per month. You can create a profile with up to 26 pictures and fill out additional profile sections, like your exercise habits and religion. Match then takes this information and connects you with other singles, who are looking for features you have or features you’re looking for. Unlike other apps, you don’t have to match with a person before messaging them. Match has over 21.5-million users with a majority between the ages of 25–34.

– OKCupid

OKCupid is an online dating website that uses a compatibility rate to help you find people you may be interested in. On this site, you set up a profile with an introduction and pictures and then answer questions. These questions create a compatibility rate that you will see on other people’s profiles and will help you decide who to match with. A study done by SurveyMonkey Intelligence, a company that researches mobile apps insights, said in 2016 that most of the users were between the age of 30 and 44.

– Tinder

Tinder is an online dating app that allows users to swipe to like or dislike another user. You can upload up to six pictures and write a short paragraph about yourself. If two users swipe ‘like’ on each other, they are matched with each other and are able to exchange messages. Tinder tends to be popular with 18–24 year-old age groups. A third of their users are between these ages.

– Plenty Of Fish

Plenty of Fish is a popular online dating website and app that is well-known in Canada. With over 4 million active users a day from across the world, the potential to meet your match is great. It’s said that most users on Plenty Of Fish are between the ages of 30 and 40. You’ll first need to set up a profile where you can upload up to eight photos. You can also take a personality questionnaire to help match you with compatible singles. Plenty of Fish is known for making it easier for people to send messages to other people, unlike other apps that limit your communication. Plenty of Fish is free, but allows you to upgrade for $19.99 monthly. The upgrade offers access to special features such as seeing everyone you matched with at one time, having your messages moved to the top of a person’s inbox, and changing your location.

– eHarmony

eHarmony is an online dating website and app that helps connect singles looking for a long-term relationship. Similar to other websites, you first create a profile introducing yourself and upload up to 12 pictures. You then complete a questionnaire that connects you with compatible matches in the area you selected. eHarmony is free, but you can pay for a special membership, where you can access special features, such as viewing all of the photos of people who matched with you at once and unlimited contact with your matches. Memberships start at $19.99 per month for a whole year or $59.99 for just a single month. This dating platform is known for connecting people who are looking for long-term relationships. eHarmony also has a dedicated section for seniors to help them meet other singles.

– Bumble

Bumble is a great app and website that gives you the option to look for and connect with potential dating partners, friends, and like-minded professionals. Bumble allows you to upload six pictures and create a brief dating profile. You can type a few sentences about yourself or answer question prompts to display on your profile. The design of the app is similar to that of Tinder, as you can also swipe left or right through profiles and are then matched with people. Once you match with someone, you have 24 hours to talk with them; otherwise, the match disappears. Bumble has many great free features. They offer video chat, conversation starters, and review of dating profiles you might have swiped past by accident. Bumble allows you to upgrade to a membership starting at $24.99 every month for a year or $39.99 a single month. With this membership, you gain access to free profile boosts that show your profile to more people, the option to look for matches in different areas, and the opportunity to extend your matches past the expiry date. Bumble is a great dating app for all ages and is most commonly used by 18–29 year-olds.

Advantages and disadvantages of online dating sites:

Advantages:

  • Digital Age: No better time than now

    New technology can make online dating easier for you now than ever before. There are now many apps you can choose from, which can help you find one that suits you best. There are also many unique features, such as compatibility tests that can help you find the right person easier.

  • Convenience

    Because online dating takes places from the comfort of your home, it’s easy and convenient. You no longer need to go out to meet singles or attend social gatherings where you may feel uncomfortable. You can now connect with eligible daters from the safety of your home.

    • laptop and accessories on a desk

  • Connect to more people

    Instead of being limited to the people you cross paths with, you now have the opportunity to connect with daters that you would never meet otherwise. Dating websites and apps allow you to connect with people from all over the world.

  • Some sites allow people to verify their identities

    Another advantage of using online dating websites is that some, like Tinder and eHarmony, allow you to verify your identity by showing your identification or connecting your account to another social media platform, like Facebook or Instagram. This helps you know that the person you are speaking with is real and who they say they are. Not all websites and apps have this feature so be mindful of this when making your choice.

Disadvantages:

  • People sometimes don’t tell the truth

    eHarmony, a popular dating website, reports in their study that 53 per cent of people lie in their profiles. This is a common issue with online social networks and dating websites. Sometimes, the person you’re speaking with is not who they say they are or misrepresents themself. To avoid this, it’s important to double-check that the person you have been matched with is who they say they are and keep your eyes open for any suspicious red flags.

  • Lack of face-to-face interaction

    Because of its online nature, a lot of the physical elements of attraction are missing from this romantic experience. The lack of face-to-face interaction might also make it harder to evaluate a potential match.

  • Crowded Space

    Online dating websites have millions of users on their apps and websites every day. This may make the online digital space feel crowded and difficult to navigate, as there are so many people using the apps and websites.

How to date online:

Setting up your online dating profile is the most important part of the process. This creates people’s first impressions of you, and if done properly, it can connect you to the person you’re looking for. Your online dating profile usually consists of a brief introduction, pictures, and sometimes a personality questionnaire.
Online dating profile

When creating your profile and writing your introduction, called a “bio,” it’s best to keep it short, simple, and usually about five or six sentences. Less is more when writing your profile, since people are more likely to read the entire profile when it’s short than when it’s long. A few sentences about yourself and what you are looking for is a good start. You can also mention your hobbies. If you’re a humorous person, you can add a joke to your profile. Adding a personal touch is a good idea when writing your profile, as you don’t want to appear to be computerized and cold.

If you’re having trouble writing your online profile, you can get your trusted friends to help you. You can ask them to tell you what they like about you, and you can mention those aspects in your profile.

Choosing your pictures is also an important part of this process. You should try to include six different pictures of you on your dating profile. It’s best if these pictures are recent and show you in a way that’s similar to how you look now. You should try to smile in these pictures. It’s also good to include some full-body pictures if you feel comfortable. It is also recommended to share pictures that reveal what your hobbies are. If you love books, you can add a photo where you can be seen reading a book. If you love to travel, you can share a picture of a time you visited a foreign country. These are great ways to connect with and attract people who share similar interests.

Another tip to help you choose your profile pictures is to consider what people compliment most about you and share pictures that show off that feature. You can only upload a few pictures, so it’s important to put your best face forward!

Finally, when you’re done creating your profile, you can start looking at and matching with other people. It’s normal to send the first message or make the first move. You can do this by asking how they are doing or making a comment about something you saw on their profile.

Do’s and don’ts of online dating:

Do

  • Do say hello and start conversations

    Sending the first message is normal on online dating apps. Don’t be scared to make the first move and reach out to someone if you are interested in them.

  • Do try different apps

    There are many apps around these days, and if you’re not having luck with one, you can try another. You can even use more than one app at the same time to expand your dating pool.

  • Do change your profile if you’re not liking the results you’re getting

    If you don’t like the results or matches you’re getting, switch your profile around. You can do this by changing your introduction or pictures. To get better results, it’s important to make sure that your profile and photos are a good representation of present-day you. People don’t like when others misrepresent themselves on dating websites.

  • Do be mindful of age limits and the age of consent

    If you’re using online dating websites, it’s best for you to keep the age of the person you’re speaking with in mind. If you are an adult, you should not connect with minors on this dating app, as this can get you into serious trouble. In Canada, you are considered to be an adult at age 18. If you’re an adult, you should not converse with people younger than 19 because if you do, it can be seen as inappropriate and exploitative.

Don’t

  • Don’t share sensitive personal information or send private photos

    Don’t share your personal information, such as your address, bank account information, job, or identification, with people you have never met. You should not send private or personal photos of yourself to people you don’t know. This can put you in danger.

  • Don’t send money to people you have never met

    Don’t send money to people you have never met because this could be a scam, and you could lose your money.

  • Don’t meet up with people in unsafe situations

    Don’t meet up with people you have never met in real life in places that are isolated with few or no people around. This could put your safety at risk.

  • Don’t say offensive things or expose people’s personal information

    Don’t make rude or offensive comments when speaking to people on the websites or app or expose someone’s personal information. Personal information includes someone’s full name, address, job, and bank information. This is against the policy of many dating apps and websites, and it could get you in trouble with the police.

Online dating is a great tool you can use to connect with other people around you. With COVID-19 restrictions coming into effect all over the world, online dating provides you with a way to connect with other people without having to leave your home. Lockdown can be lonely, but you can change this by trying out some of the apps mentioned in this article. Now that you know more about online dating and how to use it, the (dating) world is your oyster!

Happy Dating!

**Note: with the COVID19 restrictions in place, many people are not able to go out and meet their online matches. As a result, a lot of people are getting creative and using video messaging platforms to go on virtual dates. COVID19 is a unique situation, so if you’re online dating during this time prepare to get creative and try something new.

Online Dating Resources:

Online Dating Safety Tips:
https://www.rainn.org/about-rainn

Online Dating Profile Tips:
https://www.zoosk.com/date-mix/online-dating-advice/online-dating-profile-tips/online-dating-profile-tips-work/

Examples of Online Dating Profiles:
https://www.eharmony.co.uk/dating-advice/using-eharmony/learning-from-three-awesome-online-dating-profiles

Grocery shopping 101: The basics

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Grocery shopping 101: The basics

By Amanda Owusu

Posted on January 13, 2021

Grocery Shopping

Grocery shopping.

Something that many hate to do but can’t live without.

Grocery shopping can be an annoying chore especially when you’re in a new area. However, it does not have to be like this!

With a clear plan, many smartphone applications, and new delivery services, grocery shopping in Canada is now simpler than ever before.

This article is a basic guide to grocery shopping in Canada meant to provide you with helpful information to make your shopping days easier and cheaper.

Types of grocery stores

In most of Canada, you have a selection of grocery stores to choose from. Some grocery stores are pricier than others; some carry organic or cultural foods, and some have better quality produce. There are many different options, and deciding the type of shopping experience you want to have will help you choose the best grocery store for you.

Grocery stores usually have the same physical layout. You can always find milk and eggs at the back of the grocery store. Fresh fruits and vegetables are usually at the end of the store, and frozen foods are at the other end. In the middle, you can find dried goods and canned foods. By knowing the store layout, you can save time during your shopping trips and avoid having to go back and forth to find what you need.

When shopping, it’s also good to “shop in season”. This means purchasing fruits and vegetables based on what is growing the most during that season of the year. For instance, blueberries and rutabaga are cheaper in the spring.Canadian Living provides a buying guide with a detailed list of fruits and vegetables based on their season.

If your focus is on saving money, looking for a more affordable grocery store will be your best bet. In Canada, some economical grocery stores include Freshco, Food Basics, NoFrills, Walmart, Save On Foods and ValuMart. These stores have a small selection of halal, kosher, and vegan products. A label indicating the type of product can be found in the product’s package. It’s important to note that affordable stores do not offer as much variety as the more costly Canadian grocery stores. You can also buy some grocery products such as bread, snacks, seasoning, and other dry goods from dollar stores like Dollarama and Bulk Barn. Keep in mind that Dollarama does not offer fresh products when planning your shopping trip.

More expensive grocery stores in Canada include places like Fortinos, Whole Foods, Loblaws, Sobeys, The Real Canadian Superstore, Metro, Safeway and Longos. These places tend to have higher prices, but carry better quality produce and products. Although these places are typically more expensive than other stores, you can still take advantage of the sales that each store has. At these stores, you can also find a wide selection of kosher, vegan, gluten-free, and halal food. Some stores such as Fortinos, Whole Foods, and Longos have dedicated sections to vegan and gluten-free products. Longos and Sobeys also usually offer a nice selection of kosher and halal products.

You can also find stores that cater to these individual products by googling “the type of food you’re looking for” plus “grocery store” plus “the city you’re in” (e.g. kosher grocery Thornhill). These stores will carry a greater selection of the type of food you’re looking for. Unlike Canadian grocery stores that tend to offer only popular products in the kosher, halal, vegan, and gluten-free category, these stores tend to sell more specific product types. Bigger cities usually have more of these stores than smaller cities.

Some of these grocery stores also have loyalty saving programs that you can sign up for. By signing up for these programs, you usually earn points depending on how much you spend. You can usually exchange these points for savings and other great perks. Sobeys has partnered with American Airlines to allow you to earn airmiles every time you buy a product. You can also sign up for a PC Optimum card to earn points (click here), which you can use to save money on your purchases. Loblaws, NoFrills, Valu-Mart, The Real Canadian Superstore, and many other stores offer this type of rewards system.
Grocery Shopping
Another option is to buy an annual membership pass for a place like Costco. Costco is known for its warehouse and wholesale-style shopping experience that offers members bulk quantities of products at extremely discounted prices. For instance, you can get hot-dogs for just $1.50 and a whole rotisserie chicken for just $7.99. Annual memberships start at $60 and provide you with a wide variety of benefits. Although this may seem like a more expensive option due to its upfront membership fee, depending on your situation, it may also save you more money in the long run. Your savings may end up adding up to be the same or more than the cost of the membership itself. Costco also provides other great services, such as optical services, printing services, and gas, which can help you save even more.

Alternatively, you can also choose to shop at smaller grocery retailers and farmer’s markets. Here, you can often find fresher produce or organic produce, sometimes at a lower price. At farmer’s markets, farmers bring their own freshly grown produce to sell to the public. Smaller grocery retailers also often buy their products directly from local farmers. The savings and selection may not always be the best with these options. However, shopping with these retailers usually helps out small business owners versus corporations like Walmart and Sobeys, which may be important to you.

Due to the diverse nature of Canada’s population, many major grocery stores offer cultural food and products. While many of these products can be found in the “International Foods” aisle, they may not always have the best selection or offer the products that you are looking for. No need to worry; many major Canadian cities have cultural food grocery stores and shops, where you can get your favorite foods. For instance, in Mississauga, Ont., there is an Asian-Caribbean supermarket chain named Oceans. You can find cultural food stores in your area by googling “the country or culture” + “grocery store” + “city/place you’re in”. (example: Indian Grocery Store Toronto).

Most of these stores, except the independent food retailers and farmers’ markets, offer online flyers where you can see the discounts and specials of the week for the store closest to you. You can use these flyers to help plan your shopping trip and save money. You can easily find them by googling the name of the grocery store you’re interested in with the word “flyer” (e.g. “Freshco flyer”). You can learn more about the different sales at each grocery store through flyers or the Flipp App. We will talk more about this app and the great deals it offers in more detail in the next section of the article.

If you prefer online shopping, Amazon also offers a grocery selection on their website. There, you can search for the products you’re looking for and purchase them online to be delivered right to your home. Amazon has a wide variety of products and selections, as they are online and can connect you with many different vendors through their website. This online store does not, however, offer fresh food at the moment, but they carry everything else. They also sell specialty foods such as kosher, organic, halal, vegan, gluten-free, vegetarian, GMO-free, and sugar-free products. Keep in mind that these products tend to be more expensive through Amazon than if you were to get them in-store, unless they are features in a special sale. Although Amazon is more expensive, the price you pay for delivery to get the products brought to your doorstep may be worth it to you, depending on your needs.

When shopping at physical grocery stores, you have the option to bring your own plastic bags and totes. In Canada, many grocery stores charge you extra for the bags you use to carry your items home. You can avoid this fee by bringing bags of your own. You can buy good bags and totes from any dollar store or even at the grocery store itself. Or you can also save your plastic bags and bring them with you when you go grocery shopping.

Whatever your choice, it’s important to have a goal and priorities in mind when selecting your grocery store in order to make your shopping experience better.
Grocery Shopping
To save even more money, you should take advantage of the sales each store has to offer. This way you can get what you need from where it is cheapest. This might take a bit more time because you’re going to more than one store, but it just might be worth the money. Some stores offer price-matching. This means that they will match the price of other stores if you show them a flyer from another store with a lower price. For example, if you’re shopping at NoFrills, and you see a product on sale for cheaper at Walmart, you can bring in the Walmart flyer, which shows that the product in question is advertised at a lower price, and NoFrills will match that price. This is a great way to get even more discounted prices when shopping. The apps discussed below can further help you with price-matching.

Three smartphone apps that can help with grocery shopping

We live in a society dominated by technology, which luckily for us can help us shop for groceries. Below are three smartphone apps that can make shopping easier.

Flipp

Flipp is a great app for saving money and finding deals. It is a smartphone app that shows you a wide variety of flyers with the specials of that week for the grocery stores near you. Flipp even provides you with access to special coupons to help you save while shopping. You can view the specials and discounts at different stores from your phone and even save these items to your account, so that you can check them again when it comes time to shop. This app is free and available on Google Play Store and the App Store.

https://app.flipp.com

Instacart

For whatever reason, sometimes you can’t make it to the store yourself. When that happens, you can order groceries using this app from almost any store of your choice and have someone deliver it right to your home. This app is available in most major cities in Canada. Usually, you do not get your groceries as soon as you order them, so don’t wait until the last minute if you need them by a certain time. This app is available on the App Store and Google Play.

https://www.instacart.com

MealBoard

Mealboard allows you to plan your meals, write your grocery lists, and search for recipes through a single app. This app can help you save time and money, as it can allow you to plan your meals and do research using the recipe search. After having planned your meals and done research, you can make a grocery list with all the items you want to get. This single app offers many benefits that can help you in many different ways when it comes to grocery shopping and meal planning. This app is available on the App Store and Google Play.

http://www.mealboard.com

Food banks

Although this article is about grocery shopping, we must acknowledge that not everyone will always be able to afford food at times. When this occurs, it is important to know how you can access food banks in Canada.

Most post-secondary institutions in Canada offer food bank services to their students. If you attend a post-secondary institution in Canada, your school more than likely has a food bank that you can access. Try reaching out to your program advisor or a peer mentor for more information. You can also google the name of your school plus “food bank,” and some information regarding how to access it should appear.

If you’re not a student, you also have options. Depending on your area, there are many Community Food Banks that help people during a time of need. You just have to connect with one of them. Use Google to search for the closest food bank to you. Call and ask them for more details about how to sign up, and someone should be able to help you. Some nationally recognized food banks are: Daily Bread and Food Banks Canada. These are just two of the countless food banks that are out there that can assist you.

For more information and local services offered to you, try googling “food bank” and the name of your city or neighborhood. If this does not work, you can try to connect with one of the two major Community Food Banks mentioned above.

**Please note that due to COVID-19 health care measures and restrictions, some farmer’s markets and small grocery retailers are temporarily closed. However, many of the major stores are still open.

Gaining Canadian Work Experience

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Gaining Canadian Work Experience

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on January 19, 2021

Congratulations! You have arrived in Canada as a newcomer, and you are ready to start your job search. Perhaps you have heard from relatives or friends about how Canada is a country full of opportunities. While you may have received an education and even gained extensive work experience before immigrating, getting a job in Canada comes with its own set of challenges.

You likely have questions. What do you need to do to get that first Canadian job? How can you start working in your field? Here are some concrete steps you can take to get your first job in Canada.

Create a résumé

The first thing you can do is create or update your résumé. If you already have one, it would still be a good idea to update it when you come to Canada. A résumé is a one-to-two-page document highlighting your education, work experience, skills, and professional accomplishments, and it is meant to help you secure an interview.

If you don’t know how to create a résumé you can work with experienced settlement professionals that offer free newcomer services at local employment agencies. In addition to helping you with your resume, employment service providers can refer you to workshops, seminars, networking events, and resources that could help you identify and improve your transferable skills. You could also qualify for paid training, which includes a work placement.

Upgrade your skills and education

While employment agencies may be able to help you find a job in your field, it is not guaranteed. Your skills and experience may be considered outdated, or your education may not be recognized by certain Canadian professions. You may need to be recertified or study in Canada depending on your field to acquire the necessary certifications to work in your field. Completing a bridging program or having your international education assessed could help you transition to working in your field in Canada.

On the other hand, you may also consider working in a different field when you come to Canada. If you attend college in Canada as an immigrant applicant, you may have to provide supporting documents related to your academic history.

To be a college or university student in Canada, you will also need to provide proof of proficiency in English, if you studied at an educational institution where the language of instruction was not English. You can have your English language skills evaluated through the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), the International Testing Learning System (IELTS), or the Canadian Academic English Language (CAEL) test.

Apply for jobs online


It’s OK to be selective about the jobs that you apply for. You can choose to apply solely for jobs in Canada that you are qualified for and have the relevant education, experience, and background in. If you find that you are getting interviews, then you’ll know that your résumé is appealing and employers’ view your skills, background, and education as relevant.

If you are not getting any interviews and the only email responses you get are rejections, you may need to work on your résumé. Even if the companies that you worked at are unfamiliar to prospective employers, you must effectively highlight your work achievements. What measurable goals did you achieve at your former companies? Promote yourself and highlight your strengths.

If you don’t have the time, money, and resources to wait for a job offer in your field of interest, it’s also perfectly reasonable for you to apply for a temporary job. If you are highly educated, you may have reservations, but taking on a temporary job that doesn’t fit with your career trajectory is sometimes necessary. Keep in mind that any job can help you develop useful skills.

Many people take on temporary jobs to support themselves and their families while still applying for work in their field. They may take on those jobs to help pay for their education. Any legitimate job in Canada is valuable if it helps you live more comfortably. If you list a temporary job on your résumé, it could show employers that you were productive throughout your time in Canada. Alternatively, listing a temporary job on your résumé as your most recent job could diminish your previous accomplishments and negatively stand out from your professional work, so deliberate whether you would like to include it in your résumé or not.

Send cold emails

Cold emails are emails sent without prior contact from the recipient. With a cold email, you can pitch your credentials, experience, skills, and ideas to an employer in a personalized manner. You have to make sure you are contacting someone within the company you are interested in and who has the power to ask you for an interview or commission you for a job. Good cold emails show that you have initiative, creativity, and the ability to work for what you want. From cold emails, you may be able to get interviews, freelance contracts, or someone to look at your résumé (and possibly hold onto it for future job openings).

Volunteer

Volunteering is a way to give back to the community, meet new people, network, and gain valuable job skills. Volunteering may not be your first priority when you come to Canada, but it can lead to paid work opportunities and can include other perks like free food, free apparel, and free entrance to an event. You don’t even have to commit a lot of time to volunteering. You can start with volunteering at your place of worship, political group, a school, or at festivals.

Update your references

It’s good to have references from the country you immigrated from, but it would be wise to start asking teachers, professors, mentors, colleagues, and fellow volunteers that you encounter in Canada to be your references. If employers ask for references, you ideally want to provide them with Canadian references. In any case, include both the phone numbers and email addresses of all of your references.

Getting a job in Canada is not an easy task, but if you put in the effort, you will be able to get meaningful work experience in Canada.

Experiencing Canadian culture: A guide to the artistic and cultural events in Canada

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Experiencing Canadian Culture: A guide to the artistic and cultural events in Canada

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on January 22, 2021
Ed Mirvish Theatre

The arts can teach so much about Canadian culture. Many of our customs and traditions are influenced by Indigenous cultures. In addition, Canada welcomes cultures from all around the world and has a thriving arts scene. Our musicians are known worldwide, and our country has a big film and television industry. There are many arts and culture events that take place throughout the year across Canada. You can experience Canadian arts and culture through music, dance, theatre, film, festivals, art galleries, and museums.

Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF)—Toronto

For 12 days during September of every year, actors, filmmakers, journalists, and film industry professionals come to Toronto to celebrate the art of film. The Toronto International Film Festival, better known as TIFF, is one of the most attended film festivals around the world. World premieres take place at TIFF, and hundreds of films are screened at various venues in the Entertainment District of Toronto. They feature Hollywood blockbusters, international films, short films, independent films, and everything in between. There’s something for everyone. Over the years, TIFF’s People’s Choice Award, which audience members vote on, has become an indicator of success at other major awards shows, such as the Academy Awards. Oscar-winning films that have premiered at TIFF include: 12 Years a Slave (2013), La La Land (2016), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), Green Book (2018), and Jojo Rabbit (2019). Throughout the rest of the year, TIFF also offers screenings, lectures, discussions, workshops, events, and professional development opportunities to meet, hear, and learn from film industry professionals from Canada and around the world.

Movie Theater

Canadian National Exhibition (CNE)—Toronto

The Canadian National Exhibition, known as The Ex or the CNE, is an annual event that takes place at the end of the summer at the Exhibition Place and lasts 18 days. The CNE is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1879 for the purpose of promoting the development of industry, agriculture, and the arts. The CNE is Canada’s largest fair and the sixth largest fair in North America; it attracts about 1.5 million people every year. At the fair, you’ll find rides and carnival games, buskers and other performers, music, shopping, and food. Over the years, the CNE has become an end-of-summer tradition for many families.

Toronto Fringe Festival—Toronto

The annual Toronto Fringe Festival was inspired by the worldwide fringe movement, and it was created in 1989 as a platform for the performing arts community to produce art. Since then, the Toronto Fringe Festival has become the largest theatre festival in Ontario, showcasing 150+ productions at 30+ performing arts venues across downtown Toronto. Shows are chosen through a lottery. This means that all applications for the festival have an equal chance of earning a performance slot. The festival takes place in early July and lasts for approximately 10 days. The Fringe Festival is known for offering lower-priced tickets than any other arts festival in the city—tickets are just $13 because they that believe everyone should be able to afford to see theatre. There are also other events and activities that take place during the festival, including special events and shows for kids.

If you like the Fringe theatre in Toronto, there is also the Vancouver Fringe Festival. The festival is produced annually by the Vancouver Fringe Theatre Society and runs for 11 days in September at venues on and around Granville Island in Vancouver, B.C.

Winterlude—Gatineau, Que., and Ottawa

Winterlude is an annual winter festival that takes place in Ottawa as well as Gatineau, Que. during the first three weekends of February every year. It’s a time to celebrate the great Canadian winter. The festival is best known for its skating event, which takes place on the Rideau Canal. It is 7.8 kilometres long, and it is the biggest skating rink in the world. At Confederation Park, there is an ice sculpture competition, an ice lounge, and music concerts. There are also other activities, events, and exhibitions across Ottawa at museums and at the Byward Market, Sparks Street, Downtown Rideau, and the Glebe.

Across the river in Gatineau, Jaques-Cartier Park is transformed into Snowflake Kingdom, a massive snow park complete with ice slides, snow sculptures, and other activities for children. There are also fun winter racing events that take place in both Ottawa and Gatineau. The Gatineau Loppet hosts an internationally recognized cross-country ski race that takes place in Gatineau Park. There are also snowshoe and fat bike races. There is also a Winterlude Triathlon, which currently involves an eight-kilometre skate down the Rideau Canal, a five-kilometre run along Colonel By Drive, and a six-kilometre ski at Mooney’s Bay Park.

The Calgary Stampede—Calgary

The Calgary Stampede is a 10-day celebration of western hospitality and cowboy culture. Every year, one million people come to Calgary to experience the largest outdoor rodeo, featuring bull riding, barrel racing, chuckwagon races, and the GMC Rangeland Derby. There are also agricultural events, Midway rides and games, food, and shopping. Aboriginal ambassadors also share their traditions such as dancing and singing, and artisans sell their jewelry and art pieces. There’s something for everyone in the family to enjoy. The Calgary Stampede is one of Canada’s largest music festivals, with over 300 performers and five stages. Primarily country and rock artists perform at this event; popular artists, including Taylor Swift, Luke Bryan, Katy Perry, and Garth Brooks, have performed at the Stampede in the past.

Stampede

National Gallery of Canada—Ottawa

The National Gallery of Canada is home to the world’s largest collection of Canadian art. The Gallery features over 800 pieces of Canadian and Indigenous art, paintings, prints, photos, sculptures, and decorative objects dating from 5,000 years ago to 1967. Featured artists include A.Y. Jackson, Lawren S. Harris, George T. Berthon, Ruben Komangapik, Tim Pitsiulak, and Emily Carr, among others. Additionally, there are over 100 pieces currently on loan from Indigenous artists. There are also rotating exhibits that come through the National Gallery, so there’s always something new and exciting.

National Ballet of Canada—Toronto

The National Ballet of Canada is one of the top international ballet companies. The company consists of 70 dancers and its own orchestra. It’s led by Karen Kain, who was one of the greatest ballerinas of her generation. The company is known for performing both traditional and contemporary work. The National Ballet performs annual fall, winter, and spring seasons including The Nutcracker every Christmas. There are also other ballet companies across Canada including the Royal Winnipeg Ballet (Winnipeg), Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada (Moncton, N.B.), Alberta Ballet (Calgary), Les Grands Ballets Canadiens (Montreal), Ballet Edmonton (Edmonton), and Ballet Jorgen (Toronto).

Theatre

There are plenty of opportunities to see live theatre, no matter where you are in Canada. Mirvish Productions, based in Toronto, is the largest commercial theatre producer in Canada. Mirvish currently owns and operates four theatres in downtown Toronto—the Ed Mirvish Theatre, the Royal Alexandra, the Princess of Wales, and the CAA Theatre. Each year, the Mirvish season features seven or eight plays and musicals. Oftentimes, there is at least one Broadway National Tour on the schedule. Broadway National Tours often travel to larger cities including Ottawa, Calgary, and Toronto, where there are larger, Broadway-sized venues. In the past, shows like Dear Evan Hansen, Wicked, Les Miserables, Kinky Boots, Newsies, Matilda, and Cabaret have played at Canadian venues across the country.

Theatre

There are also many regional and local theatres across Canada that put on their own shows each season. Two of the better-known regional theatres are The Stratford Festival and the Shaw Festival. The Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ont., is known for its Shakespeare productions. The Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ont., does nine productions each season and is a combination of plays, musicals, new works, and classics. There are theatre companies in most major cities and suburbs that regularly stage classic and contemporary work. They also help with the development of new work, alongside playwrights and other creatives.

Music concerts and festivals

There are a lot of opportunities to see your favourite artists perform live. Many popular, globally-known artists come to Canada when they are touring. They usually perform in big cities like Toronto, Vancouver, Ottawa, and Calgary. However, artists also frequently come to smaller cities and suburbs. Hockey arenas are often used as venues for concerts.

Concert

In addition to concerts, a number of music festivals take place in Canada every year. There are festivals all over the country for different types of music, from traditional Celtic to jazz to popular music. Some of the biggest festivals are:

  • Celtic Colours – Cape Breton, N.S.
  • Montreal International Jazz Festival – Montreal
  • Sourdough Rendezvous Festival – Whitehorse, Yukon
  • Winnipeg Folk Festival – Winnipeg
  • Osheaga Festival Musique et Arts – Montreal
  • Ilesonique – Montreal
  • Country Thunder Saskatchewan – Craven, Sask.
  • North by Northeast – Toronto
  • Ever After – Waterloo, Ont.

Oktoberfest—Kitchener, Ont.

The Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest is an annual nine-day festival that begins the Friday before Canadian Thanksgiving. It is based on the German Oktoberfest, and it is the second-largest Oktoberfest celebration in the world, bringing more than 700,000 people to the region each year. It celebrates Bavarian culture, as Kitchener-Waterloo has German roots. Many who attend enjoy wearing traditional lederhosen. There are many beer-based celebrations and other events throughout the week. One of the major events is the Oktoberfest parade that is held on Thanksgiving Monday and is televised throughout Canada.

Hockey Hall of Fame—Toronto

It’s no secret that hockey is a big deal in Canada. The Hockey Hall of Fame is a sports museum and hall of fame dedicated to the history of ice hockey. There are exhibits about teams, players, National Hockey League (NHL) records, artifacts, and trophies, a replica NHL dressing room, and animated versions of some of the greatest players and goalies. The Hockey Hall of Fame is also home to the coveted Stanley Cup.

No matter where you are in Canada, there are a number of ways to immerse yourself in Canadian culture. Whether you love film, theatre, music festivals, or visual art, there is something for everyone to enjoy.

Sources:

A guide to Canada’s provinces and territories

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A guide to Canada’s provinces and territories

By Dara Poizner

Posted on January 22, 2021

As a new Canadian, you may want to learn a bit about the provinces and territories of our country. There are ten provinces and three territories, making up five major regions of Canada: Western Canada, the Prairies, central Canada, the Atlantic, and the Northern territories. Canada was established through Confederation on July 1, 1867 by uniting three existing British North American colonies. Other provinces and territories joined later.

The premier is the head of a province or territory’s government. The Constitution Act, 1867 outlined Canada’s government structure and the division of powers between the federal and provincial governments. The federal government, led by the prime minister (currently Justin Trudeau of the Liberal Party of Canada), deals with issues that affect the whole country such as foreign affairs, the military, and criminal law. Provinces have constitutional powers, meaning provincial governments are responsible for things like education, healthcare, and some natural resources.

Territories do not have constitutional powers—instead, they have delegated powers under the authority of the Canadian Parliament, which means that Northern Canada is mostly governed by federal officials. This has been changing slowly over the past 40 years, as more decision-making abilities are transferred to territorial governments.

This article will provide basic information about each province and territory, including its population, cultural and geographical features, and current government (as of January 2021). All population data is according to the 2016 Census from Statistics Canada.

Cost of living depends not only on the province or territory you live in, but also on the city or town. Canada Buzz, a website with financial information for Canadians, has an article breaking down the average cost of living by province. Approximate costs of living in different cities in Canada can be found at Numbeo.com.

Note that Indigenous populations, the first peoples on this land, have a distinct history and presence in every region.

Western Canada

Canada’s westernmost province, British Columbia, is on the Pacific coast. Due to warm airstreams from the Pacific Ocean, Western Canada has a milder climate than the rest of the country.

British Columbia

Total population: 4,648,055

Capital city: Victoria

Most populous city: Vancouver (2,264,823)

British Columbia is known for its landscape: mountain ranges, tall forests, and coastal islands. Vancouver is the commercial, cultural, and industrial centre of the province, and one of Canada’s most ethnically diverse cities. Outdoor recreation activities like skiing, hiking, and camping are very popular in B.C.

Major sites include Stanley Park in Vancouver, the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (a UNESCO World Heritage Site which B.C. shares with its Alberta border), and the Haida Gwaii islands off the north coast.

B.C.’s major industries include forestry, mining, technology, and tourism. The current premier is John Horgan of the New Democratic Party of British Columbia.
Canadian flag and mountains

The Prairie Provinces

The Prairies have significant energy resources and farmland. The climate is dry, with cold winters and hot summers.

Alberta

Total population: 4,067,175

Capital city: Edmonton

Most populous city: Calgary (1,237,656)

Alberta is the furthest west of the Prairies, and most of its landscape is Prairie grasslands. It has Canada’s largest deposits of oil and natural gas. The northern oil sands are being developed as a major energy source. The Rocky Mountain range makes Alberta a popular spot for skiing and hiking.

The Calgary Stampede is a 10-day rodeo and cultural festival held every July in the largest city, Calgary. The West Edmonton Mall is Alberta’s main tourist destination, containing hundreds of stores and restaurants, as well as its own hotels and attractions.

Alberta is known mainly for its oil and gas industry. Other major industries include agriculture (especially cattle) and aviation. The current premier is Jason Kenney of the United Conservative Party.

Saskatchewan

Total population: 1,098,352

Capital city: Regina

Most populous city: Saskatoon (245,181)

Saskatchewan is a landlocked province between Alberta and Manitoba. The southern half of Saskatchewan is grassland, and it is one of the biggest producers of wheat in the world. It is known for its outdoor activities, like fishing and hunting.

The headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police are in Saskatchewan’s capital, Regina. Prince Albert National Park is one of the most popular tourist sites, where people go birdwatching, cross-country skiing, and horseback riding.

Saskatchewan’s major industries include agriculture, energy, and mining. The current premier is Scott Moe of the Saskatchewan Party.
Bison

Manitoba

Total population: 1,278,365

Capital city: Winnipeg

Most populous city: Winnipeg (711,925)

Manitoba is the furthest east of the Prairie provinces. Its population is concentrated in the southwestern corner, where most of its usable land is. Freshwater is Manitoba’s main resource.

Winnipeg and Churchill are the two major cities. Churchill is the “polar bear capital of the world” and is one of the best places in the world to observe the Northern Lights.

Manitoba’s major industries include advanced manufacturing, agriculture, and energy. The current premier is Brian Pallister of the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba.

Central Canada

Southern Ontario and Quebec are part of North America’s industrial and manufacturing hub. More than half of Canada’s population lives in these provinces along the Great Lakes or St. Lawrence River. They tend to be cold in the winter and hot and humid in the summer.

Ontario

Total population: 13,448,494

Capital city: Toronto

Most populous city: Toronto (5,429,524)

Ontario has the largest population of all the provinces and territories and is home to Canada’s capital, Ottawa. Toronto, the most populated city in Canada, is one of the most multicultural cities in the world.

This province is known for places like Algonquin Provincial Park and the Canadian side of Niagara Falls. The CN Tower, a 553-metre-high building where people can observe Toronto from above, is one of the top tourist destinations in the world.

Ontario’s major industries include manufacturing and services (such as business and finance, science and technology, and arts and culture). The current premier is Doug Ford of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.
Skyline

Quebec

Total population: 8,164,361

Capital city: Québec City

Most populous city: Montréal (3,519,595)

Quebec is known for its French culture and language. It is the largest province in Canada geographically, and its freshwater supply makes it Canada’s biggest producer of hydroelectricity. Like Ontario, Quebec is a hub for the arts such as film and theatre.

The capital, Québec City, is known for its resemblance to old European walled cities. Canada’s second-largest city, Montréal, has many attractions, like the Mont Royal mountain and the Old Montréal neighbourhood at the port. Mont-Tremblant is a popular skiing spot.

Quebec’s major industries include information technology, life sciences, financial services, and manufacturing. The current premier is François Legault of the Coalition Avenir Québec.

The Atlantic Provinces

The eastern part of Canada borders the Atlantic Ocean, and it is characterized by its cool winters and cool, humid summers. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are collectively known as the Maritimes, and Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province.

New Brunswick

Total population: 747,101

Capital city: Fredericton

Most populous city: Moncton (108,620)

New Brunswick connects the rest of the Maritimes to Canada. It is the only officially bilingual province. About one-third of the population speaks French as their main language. Moncton is the largest city and the center of Acadian culture. Acadians are French Catholics who settled in the Maritimes in the seventeenth and eighteenth century.

The Bay of Fundy (which New Brunswick shares with Nova Scotia) has the highest tides on earth and interesting geological features. The New Brunswick coastline is famous for its lighthouses.

New Brunswick’s major industries include forestry, fishing, and mining. The current premier is Blaine Higgs of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick.

Nova Scotia

Total population: 923,598

Capital city: Halifax

Most populous city: Halifax (316,701)

Nova Scotia is located on the southeastern coast. Halifax is Canada’s largest east coast port and has the largest naval base in the country.

Cape Breton, an island to the northeast of mainland Nova Scotia, has many popular cliffs, trails, and historic sites. Well-known sites in the province include the Halifax Waterfront and Peggy’s Cove lighthouse and village. Nova Scotia is famous for its seafood, especially lobster.

Traditionally, Nova Scotia’s major industries are connected to natural resources like fishing and forestry. Recently, its economy has begun to rely more on tourism and other service industries. The current premier is Stephen McNeil of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.

Prince Edward Island

Total population: 142,907

Capital city: Charlottetown

Most populous city: Charlottetown (44,739)

Prince Edward Island (PEI) is the smallest province, located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and connected to the mainland by a long bridge.

PEI has unique red soil and many beaches. It is known as the setting of the classic Canadian book Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery.

PEI’s major industries include agriculture (especially potatoes), fishing, and tourism. The current premier is Dennis King of the Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island.

Newfoundland and Labrador

Total population: 519,716

Capital city: St. John’s

Most populous city: St John’s (178,427)

Newfoundland and Labrador is physically divided into two land masses, the smaller island of Newfoundland (the easternmost region of Canada, where most of the province’s population lives), and the larger mainland of Labrador. It is the “youngest” of the provinces, joining the Confederation in 1949.

The province is known for its whale watching opportunities, coastal fishing villages, and its friendly residents. Gros Morne National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site filled with glaciers, beaches, fjords, cliffs, and forests.

Newfoundland and Labrador’s major industries now include mineral extraction and tourism. Fishing was the most important industry before its decline in the late 20th century. The current premier is Andrew Furey of the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador.

The Northern Territories

Only about three per cent of Canada’s population lives in the Northern territories, but they make up 40 per cent of the country’s land mass. A lot of the land is tundra (the rocky Arctic plain), and the soil is permanently frozen. Winters are long and cold, and summers are short and cool.

Yukon Territory

Total population: 35,874

Capital city: Whitehorse

Most populous city: Whitehorse (21,732)

Yukon is in the northwestern corner of Canada, and it is surrounded by mountains. Historically, it is best known as the place that attracted thousands of miners in search of gold, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the 1890s. Whitehorse, Yukon’s only city, is in the southern part of the territory.

Kluane National Park and Reserve is home to Mount Logan, the highest mountain in Canada. Whitehorse is connected to Alaska by the White Pass & Yukon Route Railway.

Yukon’s major industries include mining, energy, and increasingly, tourism. The current premier is Sandy Silver of the Yukon Liberal Party.

Northwest Territories

Total population: 41,786

Capital city: Yellowknife

Most populous city: Yellowknife (18,884)

The Northwest Territories is northwest of central Canada and includes three main regions: the Arctic Archipelago (made up of many islands), the arctic mainland, and the Mackenzie Valley area. About half of the population of the Northwest Territories are Indigenous (Dene First Nations, Inuit, and Métis).

Yellowknife is known for the Northern lights and “midnight sun” (the sun shines all night in the Arctic during the summer) as well as the Nahanni National Park Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Major industries in the Northwest Territories include mining, oil, and gas. The current premier is Joe Savikataaq. It is a consensus government, which means that the premier is elected without belonging to a political party.

Nunavut

Total population: 35,944

Capital city: Iqaluit

Most populous city: Iqaluit (7,082)

Nunavut, which means “our land” in Inuktitut, is the largest and northernmost territory. It was separated from the Northwest Territories and established as new territory in 1999. Approximately 85 percent of the population is Inuit, and Inuktitut is one of their official languages. Nunavut is not accessible by car, so most people travel there by ship or aircraft.

Nunavut is known for its Inuit artwork and textiles, some of which is displayed in the Nunatta Sunakkutaangit Museum in Iqaluit. The territory has unique arctic landscapes and wildlife.

Nunavut’s major industries include crafts, mining, fishing, and hunting. The current premier is Caroline Cochrane. Like the Northwest Territories, Nunavut is a consensus government.

Sources

https://www.canada.ca/en/intergovernmental-affairs/services/provinces-territories.html

https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/discover-canada/read-online/canadas-regions.html

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=801&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=25&PR=0&CMA=0#tPopDwell

https://www.tripsavvy.com/canada-provinces-and-territories-1481740#:~:text=There%20are%2010%20Canadian%20provinces,Island%2C%20Quebec%2C%20and%20Saskatchewan.

https://lop.parl.ca/about/parliament/education/ourcountryourparliament/TeacherGuide/pdfs/booklet-Section2-e.pdf

A newcomer’s guide to the social aspects of school

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A newcomer’s guide to the social aspects of school

By Russul Sahib

Posted on January 22, 2021

Starting life at a new school can be stressful for anybody. Many students feel frightened when trying to find their classes or making new friends at lunch. Yet, these situations become even more difficult when the student is also a newcomer. While teachers and school staff assist newcomers with the educational aspects of school, newcomers must often learn the social aspects of school by themselves. Here are five social aspects of school explained as well as some strategies to make these parts of school easier for newcomers.

School Dances

Dance
In Canada, school dances usually start in Grade 6 and continue into the high school years. Typically, dances take place during the school day, usually after lunch, though some occur after school too. During school dances, students dance and talk to other students as well as enjoy free and tasty snacks. Many people view school dances as a fun way for students to spend time with each other, and many students are excited about and enjoy attending school dances. In fact, school dances can be so popular that one high school in Nova Scotia held six dances in the 2015 to 2016 school year, one of which was attended by 240 students.

Aside from the fun one may have at school dances, there are also some parts of dances that may cause students to feel uncomfortable. Many school dances include at least one slow, oftentimes romantic dance where a student asks another student to dance with them. Many students may not feel comfortable with this type of dance, and it is OK to politely say “no” if asked to slow dance or to leave the dancing area completely. Some students may feel pressured to join the slow dancing if other students are doing so, but it is not a “must.” If a newcomer is uncomfortable or not interested in going to a school dance, they can choose to be signed-out of school that afternoon by a parent or guardian.

Lastly, students may choose not to attend school dances or be unable to attend. For many newcomers, the idea of school dances is something brand new or perhaps something they are not fully comfortable with. This can be because newcomers may come from countries where dances are not part of the school system. It is important that newcomers’ cultural differences and personal choices are respected, and that they feel encouraged and supported to make decisions about their participation in school events.

Overnight Trips

Kids outdoors
Overnight trips are another reality of Canadian schools. Like many Western countries, Canadian schools also offer day trips to the museum or science centre, among other places, as well as overnight trips. Overnight trips, usually last for a few days, and they are typically available for students aged 12 years or older. Overnight trips can be a fun way for students to explore new activities with friends, while also learning new skills. Yet, for many newcomer students, overnight trips are not easily available due to high costs. For example, a camping site in Ontario, named Camp Kawartha, charges students between $135-180 for a two-and-a-half-day overnight trip, depending on the month. Many newcomer families may not have this extra money to spend. While they may receive financial help by explaining their situation to the school board, this is not always guaranteed.

Overnight trips are also seen as a chance for students to feel what it’s like to be away from home and be independent. This type of thinking does not consider many newcomers’ culture. For many, going on trips away from home without the rest of the family is unheard of or an uncomfortable thought. Newcomers may also find overnight trips challenging if they are not completely familiar with the English language and have to rely on camp counsellors for any questions or concerns they may have while away from home. Overnight trips can make any student feel nervous or even homesick, but these feelings may be even stronger for newcomers who may already feel lonely or who find it difficult to leave their families behind.

School Clubs and Teams

School football team
School clubs and sports teams are a great way for students to get involved in school while making friends with similar interests as them. There are many different types of school clubs, including art clubs, language clubs, subject-area clubs, homework help clubs, and many more! School sports teams can include anything from basketball, volleyball, soccer, and much more. For students who are interested in these activities, school clubs and teams can be a fun and rewarding experience. Yet, for many newcomers, it may be hard to learn about these activities while they are still learning English. A great way for newcomers to find out more about these types of school activities is by asking a trusted friend, teacher, or even student who may speak their first language.

According to the Community Foundations of Canada, newcomers often face difficulties in joining sports activities due to costs, lack of time, and not knowing how to register. School teams offer a free option for newcomers to get involved as well as a simple sign-up process. School clubs and teams can also be a great place for newcomers to make new friends and practise their English. Yet, it is also important to mention that clubs and teams can also create feelings of rejection and nervousness if newcomers struggle to speak with other students or understand what is happening. Newcomers should not feel pressured or forced to join clubs and teams, as many students are still becoming familiar with key parts of school, such as understanding classwork or building their language skills. While clubs and teams can provide great chances for newcomer students, it is important to remind them that they can also join teams and clubs the following school year when they feel better prepared to do so.

Group Work

Girls working together
Group work is probably one of the most feared parts of school for any newcomer, but according to interview responses of newcomer high school students by two researchers in Alberta, the contact between newcomers and other students is often limited to mostly classroom activities. That means that while group work is seen as the “learning” part of school, it is also one of the most social aspects of school. Newcomers are expected to speak to their classmates, share ideas, and become a part of the discussion. For many newcomers, this is a very hard and scary task. It asks newcomers to get out of their comfort zone and participate in a discussion using a language that they may not yet be comfortable with. They may fear that their classmates will laugh at them or completely ignore their ideas.

Instead of expecting newcomers to join group discussions and share ideas, it is better to understand how to support them in joining these discussions. For any newcomer trying to participate in group discussions during class, here are two tips! Firstly, if a newcomer has difficulty understanding the group work, they can always try to translate the work being discussed and see if they understand it better. If not, it is also completely OK for newcomers not to connect with their classmates every time. Other students and staff need to be patient and understanding towards newcomer students, as they may not be able to join every class discussion, and recognize that they are trying their best to become part of the class community. Secondly, newcomers are especially encouraged to participate in group work if they feel they are very talented and confident in a specific skill needed for the project. For example, if some group work requires artistic talent and a newcomer happens to be an art lover, then it is a good idea for them to participate and show other group members some art tips and tricks! This is also another great chance for newcomers to take on a leadership role as well as bond with their peers by helping them with tasks they may not be strong at.

Graduations and Prom

2020 Graduates
Graduations for students in Canada occur at least twice, at the end of Grade 8 and Grade 12. When a student finishes Grade 8, families, teachers, and students gather to celebrate that the students have successfully completed their time in school. After the graduation ceremony, some schools offer a graduation party, where students enjoy a fancy dinner and then dance. It is not required that students attend both the ceremony and the party.

The second graduation ceremony happens when students finish Grade 12. The ceremony is followed by a dance called “prom.” Like the Grade 8 ceremony, the high school ceremony recognizes the students’ completion of their high school education. Around the time of the graduation ceremony, high school students can choose whether or not to attend prom. Proms typically take place anytime between the end of May and mid-June. Prom is usually a themed, formal party that includes a fancy dinner, dancing, and professional photography as a fun way to celebrate the end of one’s high school life.

While prom may be a fun way to end a student’s high school time, it can also be a costly expense for newcomers to even think about. In 2015, a telephone survey by Visa Canada showed that parents were typically willing to spend around $424 on their daughter’s prom outfit and around $278 for their son’s. In addition to the outfit costs, parents also have to consider additional prom costs. For example, an article by CBC showed how a British Columbia high school student could buy her prom dress for $350 but then spend double that amount of money to get her hair, makeup, shoes, and also pay for a $120 prom entry ticket. Although some schools offer discounted tickets to students who need them, many newcomers may still be unable to afford the costs of prom. This becomes another part of school that newcomers may feel left out of.

There are several social aspects of school that are not often explained or discussed, leaving students no choice but to figure it out on their own. Cultural differences and the high costs of many of the school activities, which are sometimes seen as a “must”, can make newcomers feel excluded. Instead, it is important for teachers, staff, and peers to help newcomers take part in these activities, while still respecting those who may not feel comfortable doing so. There is no right and wrong way to be a student in the Canadian school system.

The meme-ing of life: A beginner’s guide to memes

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The meme-ing of life: A beginner’s guide to memes

By Michelle Boon

Posted on January 21, 2021
Girl smiling at phone

There are many different aspects to communication. Speaking, reading, listening, writing, and one you probably won’t learn in school: memes.

A meme is a concept or idea that is passed on from one person to another. It can be a still image, video, or GIF. These can stem from stock photos, celebrities, or clips taken from TV shows and movies. New text is then applied to the images, and they are shared around the internet. Along the way, people take that format and add their personal touch. This creates hundreds of different versions of the same meme.

Take the “distracted boyfriend” meme, for example. This famous meme started as a stock image depicting a man staring at another woman, while holding hands with his girlfriend. This image quickly became the basis for thousands of different memes. In general, the distracted boyfriend meme is about being presented with two choices and favouring the more fun option. People have personalized the meme by giving each person in the photo a different label.

Memes are an excellent communication tool. They are visual, and they get to the point quicker than plain words. They can express anything from humour to a relatable experience. For example, Canadians like to make memes about winter and Tim Hortons. Memes are also essential to creating or strengthening a sense of community. Whether you’re sharing memes with your friends or just browsing Twitter, memes help people connect with each other.

Tik Tok and Instagram are a great place to start. You can browse meme accounts, see memes your friends have shared, and send memes directly to your friends through social media apps.

group of friends

With enough meme exposure, you’ll be fluent in meme culture in no time. To help you get started on your meme education, here is a breakdown of popular memes from the past year:

An environment so toxic

Sue Sylvester is a character from the TV show “Glee.” A screenshot of the character with the quote “I am going to create an environment that is so toxic” became a meme. Internet users replaced the words “environment” and “toxic” to create different versions. This is an example of a meme that repeats the same image, but changes the text in different adaptations.

I hope this email finds you well

“I hope this email finds you well” is a common phrase included in formal emails. But rarely does an email actually find someone well. This meme conveys how work emails can be stressful and inconvenient. Each meme starts with the caption, “I hope this email find you well / how the email found me.” Users then insert the disastrous photo of their choice. This can include an on-fire Furby toy or a movie character covered in mud and tears. If it conveys stress or anxiety, it fits with the meme. This is an example of a meme that starts with the same text and is personalized with different photos. It also demonstrates how memes express a universal, relatable experience.

How it started / how it’s going

This meme format is exactly what it sounds like. People show a before and after picture side by side. People use this meme structure to show progress in their career, relationships, or just life in general. 2020 inspired a wave of memes comparing the hopeful beginning of the year with the disappointing reality. This is a meme with range; it can be used to convey both positive and negative changes. It can be used for irony or an earnest life update. How it started / how it’s going is a prime example of how you can use memes to express anything and everything.

You don’t need to be fluent in English to be fluent in memes. But with so many memes out there, and the constant creation of new memes, there’s a lot to keep track of.

couple looking at a phone together

If you come across a meme you don’t understand, check out Know Your Meme for a full explanation. This database has a record for almost any meme you can imagine. Here, you will find information on how each meme started, different versions of the meme, and an explanation behind the meme’s humour.

Validating international credentials

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Validating international credentials

By Dara Poizner

Posted on January 21, 2021

Power line worker

People educated in another country and who want to work or study in Canada will need to have their international academic credentials assessed by Canadian standards. The Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials (CICIC) is an organization that helps people who want to get an assessment by providing information, resources, and referrals to other organizations. The CICIC does not do credential assessments itself but is a good place to begin the process.

During the international academic credential assessment process, the qualifications you received in your country of origin are compared with the qualifications needed to work or study in Canada. The most common reasons for needing an assessment are:

  • Finding employment
  • Getting a license to practise in a regulated profession (e.g. medicine, teaching, or law)
  • Getting admission to a post-secondary school (university or college)

According to NewYouth.ca (an online community for young immigrants and refugees in Ontario), examples of academic credentials include:

  • Secondary (high) school diploma
  • College diploma or certificate
  • Bachelor’s, master’s, or doctorate degree
  • Professional school degree

Getting your credentials validated can be confusing because there is more than one process for validating international credentials in Canada. The process depends on many factors including the reasons for having to validate your credentials (e.g. for a job or education), the area of work or study you are applying for, your country of origin, and the province or territory you plan to work or study in. This article provides basic information on how to validate your credentials.

Credential assessment services

Many organizations in Canada cannot evaluate international credentials themselves, so they use an external service. The Alliance of Credential Evaluation Services of Canada (ACESC) has six member organizations that assess the quality of academic credentials from outside of Canada:

Their reports compare international credentials with Canadian standards. Professional regulatory authorities, educational institutions, immigration authorities, and employers use them to decide whether internationally educated applicants have credentials that are equivalent to the ones needed to work or study in Canada. To confirm that someone’s qualifications meet their requirements for employment, licensing in a regulated profession, or admission to a school, organizations use a recognition process, discussed below.

What does the recognition process check?

The recognition process checks your academic credentials and professional qualifications. It makes sure that the schools you attended have a record of you, and if relevant, tests your skills and experience as a professional. It also compares your qualifications with the ones that someone in an equivalent job or educational program in Canada would need.

Working in Canada

To continue working in your field after moving to Canada, there are processes you must go through to get certified. Though these processes are different depending on your job, province or territory, and education and work history, there are general steps you can take to begin.

Approving someone to work in a specific profession can take several months. In the time between, many internationally trained professionals work in related jobs or volunteer in their field to gain Canadian work experience.

See the CICIC’s “Work in Canada” guidelines for more detail.

Regulated and non-regulated occupations

The organization recognizing your credentials will depend on whether your occupation is regulated or non-regulated.

Regulated occupations are managed by provincial or territorial (and sometimes federal) law. To work in a regulated occupation (e.g. nurse or engineer) or a skilled trade (e.g. plumber), you need recognition from a regulatory authority in your province or territory. You may need to complete other requirements to practise regulated professions or trades, including exams related to your occupation, proof of English language proficiency, or a Canadian work placement.

Non-regulated occupations do not need a legal license or certification. If you work in a non-regulated occupation, the employer decides whether or not to recognize your credentials. Depending on the job, you may need recognition from a professional association in your province or territory. For example, some employers need their human resources managers to have a Certified Human Resources Professional designation.

Use these resources to find out if your occupation is regulated or not:

Decide what organization to approach

Determine which organization is responsible for assessing and recognizing your credentials. Each regulatory authority, professional association, or employer has its own requirements: they are different for every occupation and often different in each province and territory. Contact the specific organization for information on how to become recognized in your profession.

You can use the NOC and CICIC Directory to learn more details about specific jobs in Canada.

Gather the relevant documents

After determining which organization needs to recognize your credentials, find out which documents are needed for the assessment. It is usually easiest to gather these documents while you are still in the country where you received them.

Academic credentials are given by an educational institution and include diplomas, degrees, certificates, transcripts, or course outlines.

Professional qualifications are usually given by an occupation’s professional regulatory association. These documents may include a certificate of competency, professional qualification, or a license to practise.

Check for a mutual recognition agreement

Some regulatory and professional associations in Canada have mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) with organizations (and sometimes countries or regions) outside of Canada. If you have a license, certificate, or registration with one of these organizations (or in one of these countries or regions), this can help get your qualifications recognized in Canada. For example, the medical laboratory technologist occupation is listed as a profession with one or more MRAs.

The Directory of Occupational Profiles can help you find information about MRAs for your occupation.

Apply for financial assistance

There are fees for credential assessment programs. As an internationally trained professional, you may be eligible for financial assistance. The CICIC has a list of micro-loan programs available in each province.

Studying in Canada

While some people who move to Canada want to transfer their existing career skills, others hope to pursue an education. As with those who want to work, you will need your international credentials assessed to study in Canada.

See the CICIC “Study in Canada” guidelines for more detail. You can use the CICIC website to search for educational institutions and find their contact information.
woman in library

Admission requirements

Every educational institution in Canada has its own admission requirements. The school you are applying to will evaluate your previous education as part of the admission process, and each school has the authority to decide whether or not an applicant meets their requirements. Some are general requirements, and some are specific to the program you are applying for.

Requirements may include:

  • A certain level of previous education and grades
  • Prerequisite courses
  • Proof of proficiency in the language of instruction
  • Standardized test scores
  • A portfolio of work

To learn about program requirements, visit the website or contact the admissions office of the school you are interested in applying to.

Credential assessment and recognition

You will need to provide documents (e.g. degrees, diplomas, transcripts) to verify your previous education. If your academic records are not in the language of instruction (in Canada, this will be either English or French), you may need to have the documents translated.

According to Settlement.Org, an Ontario newcomer information website, elementary and high schools can usually evaluate a student’s previous education themselves if they have their educational documents. However, post-secondary schools (universities and colleges) have their own processes and cannot always do the assessment themselves. In this case, you need to get an external assessment from one of the ACESC members. Make sure to ask the post-secondary school which assessments they will accept.

Alternative procedures

There are alternative assessment processes for refugees and people in similar situations, when it is not possible to get all the verifiable documents needed for a typical assessment. The processes are often determined on a case-by-case basis. One or a combination of approaches may be used.

Country profile and comparability statement: the country profile is the profile of the education system and institution where an applicant got their original credentials, and the comparability statement offers a comparison between those credentials and the equivalent credentials of the province or territory where they plan to be recognized.

Background paper: an assessment based on the applicant’s description of their studies, courses, grades, and it is confirmed by a sworn affidavits or other evidence.

Some documentation: an assessment based on some documentation (that may be incomplete or unverifiable), a background paper, sworn affidavits, or other evidence. If the applicant has some verifiable documentation, they may use some regular and some alternative procedures to validate their credentials.

Testing of skills and competencies: an assessment based on learning outcomes from interviews, testing, portfolio development, or other methods.

To learn more, research the Assessing the Qualifications of Refugees initiative.

Final tip!

When getting your international credentials validated, it’s very important to know what the specific organization needs so they can recognize the credentials. You can then use the CICIC to find the right contacts and begin your journey towards working or studying in Canada.

A guide to teen pop culture

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A guide to teen pop culture

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on January 21, 2021
kids playing at an arcade

Pop culture is a big part of teen life in Canada, and it is often a shared experience. Understanding pop culture allows people to identify and connect to large groups of people and feel like they are part of a community. Canadian pop culture is influenced by the United States and British pop culture. Understanding pop culture can help teens fit in and communicate with their peers as well as make friends who share similar pop culture interests.

‘RuPaul’s Drag Race’

‘RuPaul’s Drag Race’ is a reality competition show that documents host RuPaul Andre Charles’s search for the next drag superstar. A drag queen is a person, usually a male, who dresses up in women’s clothes to exaggerate the female persona for the purpose of entertainment. Drag queens are often associated with gay men and gay culture, but they can be of any gender or sexual identity. On “Drag Race,” the participants take part in challenges such as creating a certain look using makeup or designing runway outfits. The queens are judged on their performances, and the participants with the lowest scores are sent home each week until there is a winner.

‘The Bachelor’ and ‘The Bachelorette’

“The Bachelor” and “The Bachelorette” are popular dating reality TV shows. The premise of these shows is that a single bachelor or bachelorette has a pool of potential romantic partners of the opposite gender from which they choose a wife or husband. Throughout the season, the bachelor or bachelorette goes on dates with their potential partners and gives roses to the one that they like. Those who don’t receive roses are sent home. At the end of the season, the bachelor chooses who they would like to pursue a relationship with, and it often ends with a marriage proposal.

Harry Potter

Harry Potter is one of the most successful book series of all time. Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels by British author J.K. Rowling. The series follows the lives of three young wizards, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger, as they navigate their way through school at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, while they fight Lord Voldemort and the forces of evil. The books were also adapted into movies.
Watching Netflix

Marvel Comics and Movies

Marvel is the brand behind some of the biggest comic book superheroes. These heroes include characters such as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Hulk, Black Panther, Black Widow, Doctor Strange, and many more. Most of these characters live in a single universe known as the Marvel Universe, which resembles the real world. There’s always a new threat in the Marvel Universe, so the heroes have to repeatedly fight the bad guy and save the world.

The comics have also been adapted into major blockbuster movies and TV series, known as the Marvel Cinematic Universe. These movies primarily focus on a group called The Avengers, and many of the characters, places, and plot points are interconnected with one another to create one big story, which is spread out over several movies. The Marvel Cinematic Universe also includes the TV series “Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D,” “WandaVision,” “Loki, “and “The Falcon and The Winter Soldier”, which are coming to the streaming platform Disney+.

‘Riverdale’

“Riverdale” is a murder mystery TV show based on the characters of Archie Comics. The series follows the life of Archie Andrews and his friends and classmates and depicts their life in the town of Riverdale. Archie is an aspiring musician; Jughead is a social outcast; Archie’s best friend, Betty, is the “girl next door;” and Veronica is the new girl in town. Riverdale is a seemingly perfect suburb, but it hides dark secrets. Archie and his friends often get into trouble when investigating Riverdale’s dark side. Throughout the series, Archie and his friends deal with love, crime, friends, family, and the drama of high school.

‘Stranger Things’

“Stranger Things” is a science-fiction thriller Netflix series set in the 1980s. While characters are introduced throughout the series, the show focuses on the lives of four friends, Mike, Will, Dustin, and Lucas. They live in Hawkins, Indiana, home of the Hawkins National Laboratory, which accidentally opens a portal to an alternate dimension called the “Upside Down.” Because of this rift in town, Hawkins often experiences paranormal and supernatural events, in which the boys often find themselves. Being a young teenager isn’t easy. The boys battle monsters, their siblings, and their feelings for girls.

Teens love to talk about pop culture trends with their friends. Sharing common interests like favourite movies, music, and TV shows is a way to connect with others and feel like they belong.

Let’s get physically fit: Fitness advice for newcomers

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Let’s get physically fit: Fitness advice for newcomers

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on January 21, 2021
Wake up and Workout sign

According to a study done by the Alberta Centre for Active Living, immigrants to Canada are less likely than those born in Canada to be physically active. Why is this the case? While most newcomers to Canada may be interested in physical activities like sports, they can face significant difficulties when it comes to participating in them. The barriers may be related to motivation, moral support, finances, time, information, and resources.

Although there are barriers to fitness for newcomers, there are also solutions. Here are some of the ways you can overcome some of the barriers to physical activity that you may have encountered since arriving in Canada.

Motivation

Maybe you like the idea of exercising but aren’t sure if you can fully commit to an exercise routine. In order to be physically fit, you have to desire consistent physical activity in your life. Without the motivation to live a healthy and active life, you won’t achieve that lifestyle. Therefore, you need to identify your motivation for engaging in physical activities. Below are some questions you can ask yourself.

  • Do I want to lose weight?
  • Do I want to gain muscle?
  • Do I want to become physically and mentally stronger?
  • Do I want to relieve stress?
  • Do I want to be healthy?
  • Do I want to be more flexible?
  • Do I want to learn new sports, exercises, or skills?
  • Do I want to prevent illnesses and injuries?

Write down all of your reasons for wanting to exercise. Once you have reasons for exercising, you are more likely to follow through with your exercise routine.

After you write down your motivations for getting in shape, you can start listing specific exercises and activities that you enjoy doing and that can help you reach your goals. You may enjoy stretching, dancing, playing basketball, swimming, or lifting weights. Include all of the fitness activities that bring you joy.

Next, write down all of the exercises and activities that you want to learn how to do. Maybe you have always wanted to learn how to ice skate or rollerblade. Maybe you want to take a Pilates class for the first time. Be as ambitious as you want while you brainstorm.

Once you have brainstormed all of the exercises and activities you would like to do, you can start creating a fitness plan. Although all of the fitness activities in your list may seem fun and exciting to do, now you must be strategic and realistic about what you can actually start doing.

Sticking to a fitness schedule is a lot harder than it seems. Choose activities and exercises that are accessible, meet your fitness goals (e.g., you want to gain muscle, so you work on lifting weights), and are a bit challenging. When an activity is a bit challenging, it encourages effort and mental and physical growth. Don’t choose workouts that are so easy that you can do them without breaking a sweat.

Women working out

Moral support

As a newcomer, family members and friends can play a crucial role in motivating you, supporting you, and keeping you accountable when it comes to your physical activity. When you have someone to workout with or take a fitness class with, you enjoy working out more.

While you may feel like you are letting yourself down when you skip out on a class or workout session, you will feel even worse if you’re disappointing a friend or family member, who is supporting your fitness journey. Even having an accountability partner who just checks in on you to make sure that you’re completing your exercises can help keep you on track with your fitness goals.

If you have not yet made friends in Canada, have no relatives in Canada with you, or don’t have family members to encourage you on your fitness journey, you can befriend colleagues, co-workers, and people you meet that value working out.

Even if you don’t make new friends in Canada, you can still ask family members and friends who live abroad for their support and encouragement when you connect with them over the phone, through social media, or through video chat.

Finances

When you first come to Canada, you may not yet have the financial means to support yourself and your family. Your priorities may include finding a job, purchasing or renting a home, and getting your family settled in Canada. Paying for a gym membership may be the last thing on your mind. The good news is that you don’t need to invest in gym equipment, a personal trainer, or a gym membership in order to exercise.

While trial gym memberships are an option, you can also access free recreation programs offered at local community centres. The free classes tend to fill up quickly, so it would be best for you to register early. Many community centres also offer free drop-in options, including drop-in skating and swimming programs.

Additionally, public libraries can offer free fitness programs and resources, like audiobook CDs, DVDs, and books on sports, exercises, and workouts. All you need to do is register for a library card at your nearest public library.

Biking

Transportation

If you do not live near a community centre or public library, own a car, know someone who could give you a ride, or want to pay fares to attend a fitness class or program, there are forms of exercise that do not require you to travel far.

  • You can do standing and sitting stretches at home.
  • You can take a walk, jog, or bike around your neighbourhood.
  • You can go to nearby parks with outdoor fitness equipment and use the outdoor pull-up and parallel bars.

If you have internet access, you can go on YouTube and search for workouts that don’t require any equipment, like Zumba. They can be done from the comfort of your home.

Another benefit of using YouTube to look for workout videos is that you can find exercises and workouts taught by instructors who speak your mother tongue. While most in-person instructors provide visual demonstrations of the various exercises and you can easily copy the actions of other participants, listening to someone teach you exercises in your mother tongue may be more helpful to you.

Timing

Finding the time to exercise may be the biggest barrier you encounter. Whether you are in school, working, or looking after children, it may seem impossible to squeeze in that extra time to exercise. After a long day of school or work, you may want to spend the rest of your evening eating, relaxing, and sleeping. It’s crucial to remember your motivations, plans, and goals. Choose days and times to exercise that complement your work or school schedule.

If you’re in school, some colleges and universities offer free gym membership, fitness classes, and sports activities for students. You can take advantage of those facilities, classes, and sports before or after your lectures. Talk to your registrar if you have any questions about their fitness programs. If you work during the day, try to exercise either in the morning before you head to work or later in the evenings.

Information and resources

Lastly, many free fitness programs, classes, and facilities are available for newcomers but are hard to find. If you need help finding an available program, you can Google search for “free recreation” or “free [insert name of the sport/activity]” and the name of your city. You can also search for your nearest library and community centre on Google and ask for information on exercise and recreation programs and classes at those places. For big cities like Toronto, you can easily find information online on free and lower-cost recreation programs and how to register for recreation programs.

Five simple ways to get working as a young newcomer

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Five simple ways to get working as a young newcomer

By Russul Sahib

Posted on January 21, 2021

It is never too early to learn about money and financial responsibility. As a parent, you want your child to know the value of money and be responsible. However, as a kid, making some extra cash can be difficult, especially in a new community. In Canada, most jobs usually require you to be at least 14 years old. Yet, there are a couple of ways for you to get involved in your communities, gain some responsibility, and earn some extra money! Here are five ways newcomer kids and teens can earn some cash while helping others in their communities.

Snow shovelling, lawn mowing, and leaf raking

shoveling snow
With Canada’s unpredictable weather, it can be hard for kids and teens to find a job that they can keep throughout the whole year. Luckily, there are seasonal jobs that you can get involved with all year round! Given that Canadian winters are so long, snow shovelling is a great way to make some extra money while helping others in the community that may be unable to do so themselves. According to LocalStudent, a website that matches kids with seasonal jobs in the Greater Toronto Area, people can get paid between $25–35 each time they shovel a driveway. The company offers even higher pay if a snowstorm hits! When winter ends, you can switch to lawn mowing in the summer and leaf raking in the fall. All these job opportunities are great ways to become more involved in your communities all year round. It is also a good idea to ask a neighbour if they need help with any of these tasks. Often, neighbours are willing to give you a chance to earn some extra cash, as they know you on a more personal level.

Newspaper delivery

reading the newspaper
Another great way for kids and teens to start building their work experience is to deliver newspapers. A person in this role delivers the local newspaper to the specific community assigned to them. This job is a great way for younger kids to get involved, as work can start as early as age 10. According to an article by The Hamilton Spectator, kids are paid 10 cents for every house they deliver a newspaper to within their assigned area. While this may not seem like a lot of money, it does add up if you deliver enough papers. This job also allows you to become more familiar with surrounding neighbourhoods and possibly even meet some of your neighbours if you deliver newspapers in their area.

Dog walking and pet sitting

girl with dog
For any animal lover, dog walking and pet sitting are great ways to earn money while spending time with some furry creatures. Dog walking is when you walk someone else’s dog because they are unable to, while pet sitting involves looking after someone’s cat or dog while they are away or busy. Youth can seek out these jobs on their own or through their parents. For example, Petsitter.com is a website that connects employers with students looking to find dog walking, pet sitting, pet grooming, and pet training opportunities. On this website, youth can post their experience working with animals (if they have any), as well as how much they would like to get paid. Typically, students on the site charge between $14–20 for their dog walking and pet sitting services, but you can choose to charge more or less. The website also allows you to look specifically for employers in need of someone who can walk or watch their pet. It might also be a good idea to have a parent or guardian help you find opportunities to avoid scams or unsafe situations.

Parents can also ask their friends or neighbours if anyone would be interested in letting their child walk their dog or pet sit for them. This is another great way for youth to find work, as friends and neighbours are more likely to trust their pet with someone they already know. Whatever way you choose to find this type of work, dog walking and pet sitting can be fun ways for newcomers to join the workforce, while spending time with animals!

Babysitting

babysitting
If looking after dogs and cats isn’t your ideal job, maybe looking after babies and children is! Babysitting is another amazing way to get your first job by making a positive difference. Since many parents work long hours, babysitters are always in-demand. According to an article by Global News, a mother in Toronto said teens typically charged her between $12–15 an hour to babysit.

This can be a great job option for you if you’re already used to looking after younger siblings. As part of the job, you will most likely be asked to feed the kids, play with the children, get them ready for bed, and possibly change a few diapers. You probably already do all that if you have a younger brother or sister anyway! However, it is always important to listen to what the children’s parents ask of you rather than assuming what the children need.
babysitting
Legally, there is no specific age at which you can start babysitting. However, babysitting is a big responsibility, and it is important to fully understand what it involves. Normally, you can start babysitting between 12 to 13 years old. Babysitting courses are also offered to any pre-teens or teens interested in learning more about babysitting responsibilities and getting ready for the job. For example, a babysitting course offered by the Canadian Red Cross is open to youth between the ages of 11 to 15 and teaches CPR skills, how to look after babies, how to prevent unsafe situations, and how to handle emergencies. This can be a good way for newcomers to better prepare themselves for the job. Once prepared for the babysitting life, there are two ways to find babysitting work. You can create a job posting on a website, such as Babysits.ca, and talk about your experience, useful skills, as well as your expected pay. You can also indicate what time of day you’re available as well as where you want to work. Again, it is a good idea to have a parent or guardian present when using these websites to avoid any problems. Youths and their parents can also ask other people in their community about babysitting opportunities. Often, a face-to-face connection helps when finding babysit work, as you can introduce yourself to the family and talk to them about their worries.

Bake sales and drink stands

lemonade stand
Hosting a bake sale or running a drink stand is technically not a long-term job, but it can be a great way to build independence and feel what it’s like to make money, especially if you’re too young for other jobs. Bake sales are booths that sell homemade desserts like cupcakes, muffins, and cookies to passing customers. Like bake sales, drink stands often serve lemonade or hot drinks for a few dollars to people walking by. If you’re interested in running a bake sale or drink stand, you must make sure your parents are willing to pay for the ingredients needed to make the food or drinks. It is also important to find a good location to place your stand. Bake sales or drink stands are usually placed in front of schools or community centres, but you can also use your own driveway or set a booth at an intersection. If you are interested in having your stand placed at school or at a community centre, you must get permission from someone who works there. While these stands won’t be permanent, it is a good way to get a feel for what it’s like to work and earn your own money, and you can stop whenever you want. For children learning English, bake sales can also serve as an opportunity for children to speak with customers and practise their language skills. The stands help you build connections with others in the community too. Lastly, bake sales and drink stands allow newcomer children to build their independence through the process of baking and cooking, deciding how much they will sell their items for, and dealing with customers.

Now take the time to get involved in the community and collect some extra money while helping the rest of the neighbourhood! These opportunities offer you a small taste of work-life and hopefully ease your transition into more professional work settings in the future.

How to buy a house in Canada

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How to buy a house in Canada

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on January 20, 2021
Houses
Homeownership is an exciting and rewarding experience. A home is likely one of the biggest investments you’ll make in your lifetime so it requires a lot of planning. It’s also the place where you’re going to build your life. You need to consider what you can afford, what kind of space you want to live in, and how to save and pay for your home.

What can you afford right now?

The first thing that you should consider is what you can afford right now. In addition to purchasing the house, you’ll need to factor in other house expenses, including heating, utilities (gas, water, electricity, sewage, etc.), property taxes, any renovations, home insurance, and regular maintenance. You can work with lenders and mortgage brokers to figure out how much you can afford. As a general rule, the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Canada’s national housing agency, recommends that your total monthly housing costs be no more than 35 percent of your gross monthly income.

Types of homes

There are many different types of homes available depending on what you are looking for. It is important to consider what you need now and what you might need in the future. Some factors to consider as you look at houses may include physical size, family, distance from your workplace, schools, and the setting (big city, suburbs, rural). Once you’ve established what your “must-haves” are in terms of your new home, you can determine what kind of home is best suited to your needs. These are the different types of homes you can buy:

  • Condominiums (condos): Condos are a type of ownership rather than a type of home. Multi-unit buildings are typically made up of condos. In this case, you own the unit but not the land. The land where the condo building is on is owned by the condo corporation. You pay monthly fees to the condo corporation, and they take care of the building maintenance and repairs. Condos are usually one of the less expensive options.
  • Townhouse: A townhouse is a house that is attached to another house. Each unit has its own entrance and private space but shares a wall with another townhouse.
  • Semi-Detached: Semi-detached homes have separate land and separate entrances, but they share a common wall and sometimes common parking. A semi-detached is a single-family home that shares one common wall with another family, whereas a townhouse can be made up of multiple units attached to each other, so there may be multiple shared walls. Each owner is responsible for their side of the property.
  • Single/Detached: This is also commonly known as a single-family home. These homes are free-standing. The upside of single homes is that you have more space and control over the property. It’s something you can truly make your own.
  • Duplex/Triplex: A duplex/triplex looks like a single home but has been configured into multiple units. They have separate entrances and living spaces. Typically, one individual owns the property and rents out the other units. Buyers also see this as an opportunity to make additional income from the house.

Real estate agents can help with the home selection and buying process. They will understand your needs and show you suitable homes that are within your budget and include the features that you’re looking for. They will also negotiate on your behalf to get you the best deal. Real estate agents also often have inside information on previous sale prices, the neighbourhood, and comparable homes. Real estate agents typically get paid a commission from the seller of the home. To find an agent, ask your mortgage broker or friends for recommendations, look at real estate signs, or visit www.mls.ca. Alternatively, you can purchase a home in a new development or contract a builder to design a custom home. To find a builder, check phone listings, visit model homes in new developments or other properties constructed by the same builder, or ask friends, family, and colleagues for recommendations. You should always ask a builder for their references and their provincial license number.

Paying for your home

A home is likely one of the biggest purchases you will make in your life. When you buy a home, you must make a down-payment on the house, which is a percentage of the total cost. If your down payment is less that 20 per cent of the home’s price, you also have to purchase mortgage loan insurance. Most homebuyers rely on lenders such as banks, credit unions, pension funds, and insurance companies to help finance the purchase of their home. This loan, called a mortgage, is repaid with interest through regular payments over a period of time. Credit scores and work history are very important when trying to get a mortgage. Therefore, start building a Canadian credit history as soon as possible, even if you already have credit history in your home country. Here are tips to building a strong credit score to help you get your mortgage and buy your home:

  • Open a bank account and use it often.
  • Consistently pay all of your bills on time.
  • Apply for a credit card.
  • Apply for small loans from your bank to prove that you can pay on time.
  • And try to remain with the same employer for an extended period of time to demonstrate a steady income.

House
There are different types of mortgages, so you should shop around for the best rates. When deciding what mortgage works best for you, you should ask yourself the following: would you prefer an interest rate that rises and falls or one that stays at the current rate (variable or fixed), how long would you like your term to be, and how often would you like to make payments toward your mortgage. Your lender or mortgage broker can help you find the mortgage that best meets your needs.

Closing day

Closing day refers to the day when you finally get the keys to your house, and you can officially call yourself a homeowner! On closing day, you will need to meet with your lawyer or notary in their office to sign all the final paperwork. Your lawyer or notary will ensure that the money is properly transferred to the seller along with any other prepaid house costs. Be aware that you will have to pay legal fees on this date ($400–2500) as well as land transfer and registration fees. If you build a new home, you will also have to pay HST or GST taxes. Other closing costs may include interest adjustments, Certificate of Location cost, estoppel certificate (for condos), township or municipal levies, mortgage default insurance premium, and provincial sales tax on premiums for mortgage default insurance.

Tax credits for homebuyers

The Government of Canada offers tax credits for specific types of homebuyers. Provincial or territorial governments may also offer tax incentives for homebuyers. The Home Buyers’ Amount is a tax credit for up to $5,000, and it is available for first-time homebuyers who submit a tax return. This credit may help offset some of the upfront costs. Because sales of new homes are subject to sales tax, you may be eligible for a partial refund on your taxes.

References

Guide to renting an apartment in Canada

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Guide to renting an apartment in Canada

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on January 20, 2021
Apartments
Deciding whether to buy a home or rent depends on your personal needs and financial situation. If you aren’t quite ready to buy a house or want more flexibility in your living arrangements, renting might be a great option for you.

Benefits of renting

There are many benefits to renting instead of buying right away. Renting is generally cheaper than buying. When you rent, you might not have to pay various fees, like real estate agent fees, property taxes, ongoing home maintenance costs, or water and energy costs if they are included in the rent. The overall upfront and monthly costs are also lower, which allows you to save some money. Renting also offers more flexibility. There is no long-term commitment, as lease agreements are usually one year, which, you can renew afterward if you like. This makes it easier to move to a new home, neighbourhood, or city. Other benefits of renting instead of buying include: fewer responsibilities for maintenance and repair, which are typically the landlord’s responsibility, no real estate taxes, and protection against decreasing property values.

Finding somewhere to rent

First thing’s first; you need to find somewhere to rent. There are many resources available to help you find what you’re looking for. Rental listings are often posted in local and community newspapers where you want to live. You can also find ads on physical bulletin boards at places like libraries, community centres, places of worship, and grocery stores. Right now, the most popular place to find rental listings is online. There are websites such as www.kijiji.ca, www.rentals.ca, www.zumper.com, and www.padmapper.com. These websites show photos, list all the amenities included, and provide contact information for the landlord. You can also use social media to join groups and places for rent in a specific area including Facebook buy-and-sell groups.
Apartments
Then you need to decide what type of housing you want to rent. Apartments are one option. Amenities can vary and may include laundry rooms/washer and dryer, fitness facilities, common areas, balconies or outdoor space, and security. A basement apartment in a house is often considered an apartment. You can also rent entire houses including townhouses, duplexes/triplexes, and detached homes. These houses offer more space than apartments and have access to some outdoor space like patios, backyards, and gardens. There are also rooming houses, which are shared accommodations, with short-term (typically week-to-week) or long-term options. Many rooms include a personal refrigerator for the tenant, but the kitchen and bathrooms are shared among the residents of the house.

Rental Agreements

A rental agreement-or lease- is a contract between a landlord and a tenant. The landlord grants the tenant the right to live in a rental unit, and the tenant agrees to pay rent. Many provinces have a standard lease agreement, but adjustments may be made. The lease defines the legal rights and responsibilities for both the tenant and landlord. Learn more on your rights as a tenant here. The lease will include terms for: the rent (including when to pay and how much), parties involved (tenant and landlord names and contact information), what’s included and what’s not, conditions for terminating the agreement, when and by how much the landlord can increase rent, the security deposit, and any other rules. Depending on the province, landlords may also require a security deposit or last month’s rent, and the amount that can be charged as security deposit differs from province to province. Generally, the security deposit cannot be higher than one month’s rent. In addition, some provinces require a walk-through inspection before you move in. This ensures that you are not held responsible for any existing damage. Make sure to do this inspection with your landlord and photograph and document any damage. Some landlords may also check your credit history and references to ensure that you will pay rent on time. If you don’t have a credit history or have a low credit score, landlords may require a guarantor to sign the lease with the tenant. A guarantor is usually a parent, family member, or friend with a good credit score who agrees to pay the rent on your behalf if you cannot. Being a guarantor is a big responsibility. This person has to rely on you to pay the complete amount on time. This is why it is best to ask someone that you know and trust.

Costs of Renting

The cost of renting is more than just monthly rent payments. You will need to pay for utilities (heat, water, etc.) if they are not included in your monthly rent. You may also need to pay to set up internet, cable, and phone services with a telecommunications company and make other security deposits associated with setting up these accounts. You also might want to consider getting renter’s or tenant’s insurance. Tenant’s insurance can cover the costs of damage to or loss of your possessions, any accidental damage you cause to the rental unit, personal property stolen from your car, and injury caused to visitors. Unless you are renting a furnished unit, you will also need to furnish the unit yourself, which can be fun but expensive. You’ll need things like dishes, furniture, bedding, small appliances (toaster, microwave, etc.), and cleaning supplies. There may also be ongoing costs depending on your rental agreement. These costs may include yard maintenance, parking, laundry, and utilities.

Protecting Yourself from Scams

Unfortunately, scam artists like to take advantage of renters. Scammers typically try to get money from prospective renters and then disappear. These are some of the warning signs.

  • The monthly rent is significantly less than current market value.
  • You are asked to leave a deposit or a last month’s rent with no formal rental agreement or lease in place.
  • You are asked to send a security deposit to a landlord outside the country.
  • You are asked to send money before having met anyone or seen the apartment.
  • You are told that you don’t need a lease or a lawyer.
  • Advertisements show photos of the outside of the property only.
  • When you ask about the apartment, you are sent to a website requesting personal or financial information. Legitimate sites will require a secure login before asking for personal or financial information.
  • When you ask about the apartment, you get sent to a website asking for personal or financial information.

Here are some things you can do to avoid getting scammed:

  • Research the address and visit the property to make sure the listing and the photos are accurate.
  • Schedule a showing with the landlord.
  • Request a lease and review it thoroughly.
  • Know your rights as a tenant.

It is generally easier and cheaper to rent when you first come to Canada. Renting gives you the chance to get to know your neighborhood and get settled without too big of a commitment. Then when you are ready and if your financial situation allows it, you could consider buying a house.

Research/References:

Learning English through entertainment

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Learning English through entertainment

By Michelle Boon

Posted on January 19, 2021
family watching TV
Watching TV and films can be a fun way to develop your English skills outside of class. Engaging with media can improve your listening skills and give you an idea of how people talk in everyday life.

This article will offer you tips to learn English while watching television and recommendations for English programs.

Where to find content:

The Library

You can rent films and TV series on DVD, and some libraries give you access to streaming services such as Hoopla and Kanopy for free.

Video Streaming Services

Netflix, Prime Video, and Disney+ are just some of the many streaming services to choose from. Basic subscription plans range from $8 – 10 making them an affordable source of entertainment. There are also streaming services that are totally free, like CBC Gem and Tubi. For even more video content, check your TV subscription. Cable providers like Rogers and Bell usually come with On Demand video, which you can stream at any time.
couple watching netflix

YouTube

There is so much free content available on this video sharing site. Anything from children’s cartoons to how-to videos, YouTube has it all. One thing to keep in mind is that some videos have auto-generated subtitles, so they may not be accurate.

Tips and Tricks

  • Watch a TV show or film in your native language first. It helps if you know the plot and context beforehand, so you can focus on the phrases and vocabulary when you watch it in English.
  • Turn on subtitles in English as opposed to your native language. This will help develop your reading and listening comprehension skills.
  • Pause and repeat phrases out loud to practise pronunciation.
  • Write down the new vocabulary you encounter as you watch the show or film.
  • Slow it down. Characters in TV and film often talk very fast, and they can be hard to understand. On YouTube and Netflix, you can slow down the Playback Speed to better understand the dialogue.

Recommendations

A taste of Canada

These shows are not only popular in Canada but also in other countries, and they offer a window into Canadian culture. Practise your English skills while learning about your new home.

‘Schitt’s Creek’

“Schitt’s Creek” is a comedic show that was filmed in rural Ontario. It is about the wealthy Rose family, a family who loses their money and moves to a small town. It is very popular, and there are five seasons available to watch. It is helpful to find a show with so many episodes because you will recognize repeated phrases. Also, don’t worry if you don’t understand the character Moira. Native English speakers don’t know what she’s saying either. This hilarious show is available on Netflix and CBC Gem.

‘Kim’s Convenience’

“Kim’s Convenience” is a comedy show about a Korean family living in Toronto. The characters, Mr. and Mrs. Kim, are successful newcomers themselves, and they are very relatable. Young newcomers might enjoy the characters Janet and Jung. Janet is a photography student at OCAD University, and Jung works at a car rental. Both portray children of immigrants carving their own path in Canada. “Kim’s Convenience” is available on Netflix and CBC Gem.

‘Anne with an E’

Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery is a beloved Canadian novel. This TV adaptation follows Anne, an orphan girl in 1896, as she finds a home on Prince Edward Island. The show offers a glimpse of the Canadian east coast and covers some Canadian history. The show is romantic, filled with drama, and beautiful Canadian scenery. You can watch “Anne with an E” on Netflix and CBC Gem.

Pop culture

Familiarizing yourself with popular programs can be an easy way to make connections. They can be a great point of conversation when meeting new people. These are shows that most people have seen or at least heard of.

John Mulaney

John Mulaney is a popular stand-up comedian. Watching Mulaney’s comedy performances can help you become familiar with North American humour. He tells funny stories about his life and likes to make fun of himself. Mulaney speaks clearly with distinct pronunciation. Even if you don’t understand the joke, you can understand the words he is saying. The laughter of the live audience can also tell you when something is supposed to be funny. You can watch three of John Mulaney’s stand-up specials as well as his musical children’s special on Netflix. You can also see some of his short comedy clips on YouTube. To practise your listening skills even further, you can also listen to Mulaney’s comedy on audio streaming services like Spotify.

‘The Office’

The Office” is an American workplace comedy. Just as the title suggests, the series takes place in an office at a paper company. The characters don’t always act professionally, but that’s most of the fun. In addition to the jokes, the show depicts some aspects of the work culture accurately. For example, the show portrays office parties as well as different types of office jobs, such as receptionist and salesman roles. “The Office” is currently available on Netflix.

‘Grey’s Anatomy’

This hospital drama has been popular for almost two decades. The medical terminology might be difficult to understand—it is difficult for native English speakers as well—but you’ll eventually recognize repetitive plot lines and phrases. The show is filled with romance and drama. It’s hard to stop watching it once you start. “Grey’s Anatomy” airs a new episode weekly on CTV, and previous seasons are available on Netflix.

Not just for kids

Children’s programming can be an excellent resource for learning English, especially for beginners. The characters speak slower, repeat phrases more often, and some shows are designed to teach language. These programs can be fun for both adults and children.
family watching TV

‘Peppa Pig’

“Peppa Pig” is a British children’s cartoon, so you may have to adjust to the characters’ accents. Once you do, the language is simple and repetitive. It’s a popular show among small children. The ten-minute episodes are a great way to learn basic conversation structure and vocabulary. “Peppa Pig” is available on Prime Video and YouTube.

‘Sesame Street’

This children’s show teaches literacy and math skills through songs and skits. The loveable puppet characters sometimes talk directly to you and play interactive games with the audience. The program encourages you to participate and practise your English skills. You can watch “Sesame Street” on YouTube.

‘Martha Speaks’

“Martha Speaks” is a delightful cartoon about a talking dog. Each episode defines new vocabulary words and different ways to use them. The show also focuses on synonyms—words that mean the same thing. This show is fun for the whole family. Full episodes of “Martha Speaks” are available on YouTube.

YouTube channels

‘Learn English With TV Series’

This channel breaks down the language of popular media. These videos will help you better understand character dialogues and conversations in famous shows and films without getting lost or missing any jokes. This channel has hundreds of videos explaining the language of celebrities, Disney movies, comedy shows, and more. Watching one of these videos alongside English films and TV shows will help you understand slang and local phrases. You can find the YouTube channel here.

‘Easy Languages’

This YouTube channel offers a variety of short videos depicting everyday speech. In some of their videos, you will see regular people answering simple questions. One episode, for example, asks people to answer the question, “How do Canadians celebrate Thanksgiving.” These videos are great for hearing how regular people talk in a casual setting. They’re also a great way to help you become familiar with responses to questions that people might ask you. This playlist offers various videos featuring both British and North American English speakers.

If nothing on this list sparks your interest, don’t worry. There are all kinds of video options available. Learning English through media is supposed to be fun. Explore your options, and choose something you enjoy watching.

Save your money, don’t buy into multi-level marketing

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Save your money, don’t buy into multi-level marketing

By Michelle Boon

Posted on January 19, 2021
pin network
Finding a job as a newcomer to Canada can be difficult. As an immigrant to Canada, multi-level marketing companies—known as MLMs—can be a tempting job opportunity. Unfortunately, most people lose money and much more when they join MLMs.

What is an MLM?

You may have heard of Amway, Herbalife, or Market America. These are some of the biggest MLM companies open in Canada. According to the Competition Bureau of Canada, the law enforcement agency responsible for monitoring businesses, MLMs rely on individuals to sell products directly to customers. In a legitimate MLM, salespeople make money primarily through sales. However, as an MLM employee, you are often expected to recruit other people into the business. As you recruit “downlines” to your MLM team, you profit from their sales. Meanwhile, your “upline”—the person who recruited you—takes a percentage of your income. The more people working below you, the more money you make on top of your sales commissions.

This may sound familiar. MLMs are similar to illegal pyramid schemes. Pyramid schemes make money through recruiting others, not through the sale of their product. But while MLMs are legal in Canada, they are still considered scams. Many of the people who join MLMs struggle to turn a profit or tend to lose money. Despite their bad reputation, MLMs remain a tempting business opportunity, especially for newcomers.

MLMs sell themselves as an easy flexible way of making extra money from the comfort of your home. You simply message people on social media about the wonderful products you have on sale, or even get them to join your team. You may have received a message from an acquaintance along the lines of “I have an amazing opportunity for you” or “would you like to start your own business?”
Woman on laptop
MLM recruiters can be predatory and take advantage of vulnerable people. Newcomers may be more vulnerable to MLM recruiters than others.

Multi-level marketing companies take advantage of newcomers and steal their money. As a newcomer, you may be uninformed, or you may be struggling to adjust to your new surroundings. You may also have difficulty finding a job and achieving financial stability. MLMs take advantage of this when they promise easy income and a glamorous lifestyle.

No experience necessary. No need for a resumé or job interview. Anyone can do it. Why not you?

This is, understandably, appealing to newcomers. It is difficult to find a job in Canada, and it takes time to achieve financial stability. According to Connel Valentine, a successful newcomer to Canada and career consultant, immigrants struggle to find jobs for a number of reasons: a lack of language skills, a resumé that isn’t in Canadian format, lack of work experience in Canada, or they lack the license to practise their trade in Canada.

Newcomers often take “survival” jobs in retail or customer service that they are overqualified for. It is already difficult to settle in a new country, and finding a job can be a frustrating experience.

The “Canadian dream” is different for all newcomers, but everyone has expectations for their Canadian experience. Canada’s immigration website boasts that Canada has a stable economy, high employment rates, and relatively affordable living expenses. It’s understandable to expect to find a job and achieve financial stability once you arrive.

If the reality of your Canadian experience does not meet your version of the Canadian dream, MLMs might feel like your only option. Sales positions require no experience and often an upline will approach you to join.

You might even see MLM sales representatives promoting themselves on social media. It is common for MLM employees to promote their glamorous lifestyle as much as the products they sell. This can be purposefully misleading. In a Business Insider interview, former MLM employees revealed that they posted pictures of cash and vacations to create the illusion that they were making more money than they actually were.

MLMs try to sell you a dream that, for most, will not come true. Take it from someone with experience. Newcomer, Liz, came from Zimbabwe to Canada in 2016 to pursue further education. She landed a job in her field after graduating. Despite successfully getting hired, no one prepared Liz for the high cost of living in Ontario. After securing a second professional position, she was still struggling financially. To earn extra money, she joined Zyia, a fitness clothing brand and MLM. Liz was familiar with MLMs and their negative reputation, but didn’t know all the consequences of working for one.
Woman on laptop
“I was very naïve,” Liz told The Newcomer over email. “Running the business is a whole lot different. They don’t tell you about the rejection, time, cold messaging, and strain on relationships.”

Liz committed about 20 hours per week to Zyia from June to October of 2019. She paid $625 to start working, which included three months’ access to a personal Zyia website, a gift card to purchase five Zyia clothing items, and training pamphlets.

Despite working hard on her business, Liz was struggling. Like many people who join MLMs, she was losing money and ultimately lost about $900 by the time she left the company. But Liz lost more than money.

“I didn’t have time for my friends anymore because I had to focus on my business,” Liz said. “I was encouraged to get my friends and family to buy, and if they didn’t want to it was okay.” However, both doing what her recruiter instructed her to do and marketing to her friends and family, eventually strained those relationships. “My friends started avoiding me,” she said.
Woman on laptop
Additionally, Liz still had to pretend to be successful and happy on social media to continue her business. “I had imposter syndrome” Liz said. “The social media anxiety really got to me in the end. My mental health took a hit.”

“It’s not worth it,” Liz said.

If you are currently working for an MLM, it can be hard to leave. Your upline makes money off of you, and they might try to convince you to stay. When Liz told her upline that she was having trouble making sales and finding recruits, they shifted the blame to her. Liz was told that if she did her activities, the sales would come. Your recruiter might try to convince you that success is right around the corner and that if you keep working hard eventually it would pay off.

Do not believe them. In a 2011 study, the US Federal Trade Commission found that 99.6% of MLM employees lost money. Most of the time, hard work does not pay off in MLMs. The products do not sell themselves. While it is possible to make some money as an MLM consultant, it will not equate the hours of work you put into the business.

“I never made any money from Zyia despite the time and effort I put in,” Liz said. “If you have an inkling of doubt or hesitation, I advise you go with it.”

Leaving might seem inconvenient but staying could mean losing even more time and money. At most MLM companies, if you want to leave, you must cancel your membership online and return any unsold products for a refund. You may also have to pay an “inactivity fee” to leave.

MLMs are not a safe business opportunity, but what options are there for newcomers looking for work?

Here are some resources to help you find work as a newcomer:

Helping Newcomers Work offers advice for applying to jobs and provides a list of job boards and careers services in the Greater Toronto Area.

Government of Canada Job Bank will help you connect with employers and work opportunities.

Settlement.org is a great place to find advice on how to find a job and get hired.

Settlement At Work offers a job board for newcomers to find job listings across Ontario.

If you have had a negative experience with an MLM, you can report them to the Competition Bureau of Canada

Multi-level marketing companies sound like a dream, and that’s all they are. Save your time and money and avoid joining MLMs.

Networking 101

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Networking 101

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on January 19, 2021
Networking
Networking is necessary for building new professional connections in Canada, and it could be the key to finding your next job. For some, the idea of socializing with strangers for the purpose of finding a job may seem intimidating, especially if English isn’t your first language. These tips can help you put your best foot forward.

What is networking?

Networking is about creating beneficial relationships that lead to work or business connections. When you network, you establish contacts and relationships that help lead you to your next job or business venture. When you meet new people, you never know if the company they work at needs someone with your skills or if they know someone who works in your field. Networking is all about making connections, so that you can exchange information (related to work and business) with other people in mutually beneficial ways.

Over the years, networking has developed a somewhat negative connotation. At networking events, people may seem more concerned with handing out their business cards than speaking to each other. At job fairs employers and recruiters receive hundreds of résumés and often don’t spend more than a few minutes speaking to one person. You may feel like your résumé is just another paper for employers to sift through.

Networking is still relevant

Contrary to what people may think, networking is not meant to be self-serving. In the book, The Successful Introvert: How to Enhance Your Job Search and Advance Your Career, Wendy Gelberg, a certified career coach and résumé writer, writes that “networking at its most basic is simply sharing information and resources for mutual benefit.”
Networking facts

The essence of networking is creating productive relationships—getting to know other people and having them get to know you— to the point where they would feel comfortable recommending (or even offering) you a job or working with you. The people you speak to must be able to trust you and view you as the competent and qualified person that you are.

Standing out as a newcomer

As a newcomer, you may feel disadvantaged as a result of having to face various challenges, such as not speaking English fluently, not having many— or any— contacts in Canada, not having Canadian (or recent) work experience, or not having a Canadian education. However, there are also some advantages to being a newcomer.

One advantage is that you are able to speak fluently in a language (or multiple languages/dialects) other than English. It will be easier for you to connect with people who share the same culture as you or speak the same language as you due to your similarities. During networking events, you can mention the languages that you speak. People may be able to recommend you for jobs that require fluency in your native tongue.

By coming to Canada, you have also demonstrated courage and determination, which is something that sets you apart from individuals who did not immigrate to Canada. Coming to Canada is not an easy endeavour, and as part of your journey, you may have had to face obstacles, make sacrifices, and leave various aspects of your life behind. Your proven tenacity will help you stand out from people who have the skills and education but lack the drive and willingness to go outside of their comfort zones. You can also join a professional immigrant network before you arrive in Canada.

Speaking English with confidence

If you are afraid of networking due to language difficulties, a good idea for building up your confidence and strengthening your language skills is to work with a tutor who can help you practise English. The more you practise forming sentences and speaking in English, the more comfortable, confident, and at ease you will feel speaking the language in front of strangers for the purpose of networking.

First impressions matter

For networking purposes, you want to leave others with a positive first impression of who you are. That means looking and acting presentable wherever you go because you never know who you will meet. When attending networking events, you can dress up with a suit or blazer, as if you were heading to an actual interview. If you have social media accounts, you can upload a professional headshot of yourself and select it as your profile picture. You want people to view you as professional and capable.
Networking
Another way you can make a good first impression is by warmly approaching people. When you are friendly and exude confidence, people are more likely to trust you and want to be around you.

Offer your services

When you talk to someone about your skills and experience, it’s a good idea to speak as passionately and enthusiastically as you can. If the person is established in their field, ask them questions about their work and find out how they got started in their career. Before the end of your conversation, ask them to share your information with anyone who may be in need of your services. You can also offer them your business card if you have one or email them your résumé.

When you have an in-depth conversation about an occupational field, you show that you care about what they have to say and that you could be of help to them or someone they know.

Networking for women

In the book Some Assembly Required: A Networking Guide for Women, authors Marny Lifshen and Thom Singer note several differences in networking between men and women. A woman may attend a networking event and find herself as the only female there. Attending a male-dominated event may be intimidating, but a woman can stand out from the crowd if she is confident and shows tenacity. If she is ever worried about being the only female at an event, Lifshen and Singer recommend bringing a female colleague or friend along.

Women have certain strengths that are useful for networking, which include attention to detail (remembering and noticing things), ability to develop rapport, and good etiquette (introducing people and RSVPing). On the other hand, Lifsen and Singer mention that women can also take things personally, be people pleasers, and be subject to sexual harassment. When it comes to connecting with mentors and people in their industry, women may feel more comfortable reaching out to and meeting with female mentors and industry leaders.

Do’s for networking

  • Do dress professionally — business professional or business casual.
  • Do be pro-active and approach others.
  • Do be friendly and confident whenever you speak to someone.
  • Do speak passionately and enthusiastically about your skills and work experience.
  • Do ask for tips and advice.
  • Do give out your contact information and ask possible employers to consider you for future opportunities.

Don’ts for networking

  • Don’t act bored, desperate, annoyed, frustrated, or sad when you speak to someone.
  • Don’t engage in gossip or share private information about yourself or others.
  • Don’t ask personal questions (ex: Are you single? How old are you?).
  • Don’t ask employers to hire you on the spot.

Networking fatigue

Networking comic
Going to event after event may be exhausting and discouraging especially if you encounter job seekers in your field who seem more qualified than you. Even reaching out to people online can be tiring. You may have attended events and felt drained after meeting so many different people.

Keep in mind that your goal is to build connections. People naturally want to connect with and help others. Many people are happy to give you advice, encouragement, and support. When you attend networking events, remember that you have skills and resources that other people may need. You want to promote those skills and resources to others so that you can obtain a job that can financially sustain you.

If you feel like you need a break from attending networking events, you can take one. During breaks and between events, you can read up on personal and career development books, upgrade your skills through workshops, seminars, and online courses, and plan and write out your career goals.

Keep in touch with new contacts

Lastly, even if you only managed to speak briefly with people at networking events, stay in touch with them. You can start by adding them on LinkedIn or following them on Twitter. You could also try to invite or treat them for tea, coffee, or lunch so that you can ask for their advice, hear about their career path, and possibly tap into their connections.

John A. Macdonald: Canada’s complicated founding father

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John A. Macdonald: Canada’s complicated founding father

By Michelle Boon

Posted on January 22, 2021
Canadian Flag
Canada’s first prime minister, John A. Macdonald, is what you would call controversial. For decades, Canadians have disagreed on how to view Macdonald. National hero or racist colonizer?

You might recognize his name from recent headlines.

In the summer of 2020, anti-racism protestors tore down a Macdonald statue in Montréal, in response to the Black Lives Matter movement. Destruction of the first prime minister’s statues is not new. Macdonald statues across Canada are often targets for damage. For years, people have also petitioned to have these statues removed.
Protest

At the same time, historians often credit Macdonald for establishing Canada as an independent country. Richard Gwyn, a historian and John A. Macdonald expert, went so far as to say, “there would be no Canada” without the first prime minister.

That is true. Many of Macdonald’s accomplishments were integral to establishing Canada before and after Confederation. He was prime minister from 1867 to 1873 and 1878 to his death in 1891. In all that time, he helped build the foundation for Canada. His major policies and projects still influence Canadian culture today. But Canada has its flaws, and many of them started with Macdonald.
Ottawa
Here are a few examples of what makes Macdonald so controversial.

Residential schools

Many petitions and protests to remove Macdonald statues are led by Indigenous communities. This is largely because his policies created a system of racism against Indigenous people.

Canada’s first prime minister is famously considered the architect of the residential school system. In these schools, Indigenous children learned how to be “civilized.” They were taught to abandon their Indigenous culture and adopt white settler culture. Government agents took children from their parents to attend residential schools, usually without consent. Caretakers in residential schools were commonly abusive. Many Indigenous children died in residential schools, and survivors suffered life-long trauma.

Macdonald didn’t invent residential schools, but he made them a federal institution. This system continued to traumatize Indigenous children until the last residential school closed in 1996.

There are still residential school survivors alive today, who suffered directly from the violent school system that Macdonald helped create.

This is not the only instance where Macdonald’s actions resulted in hundreds of years of harm for Indigenous people.

The Canadian Pacific Railway

The Canadian Pacific Railway is considered one of Macdonald’s greatest achievements. This railway, completed in 1885, united the whole country from the east coast to the west coast. The introduction of accessible transportation made Canadian products cheaper than American products. By completing the Canadian Pacific Railway, Macdonald strengthened Canada’s economy. This was essential for a brand-new country to be successful.

But the railway came at the expense of marginalized people.

Starvation policies

Construction of the railway cut directly through Indigenous territory. To clear a path for the railway, government agents withheld food from Indigenous communities and created shortages. British and European settlers overhunted the buffalo and only offered farming equipment to Indigenous groups that moved onto reserves—areas of land specifically for Indigenous communities. These communities had no choice but to submit.

The farming equipment given to reserves was insufficient. Indigenous communities could not grow food with what they had been given. They were then forced to rely on government rations. This also wasn’t enough. Under Macdonald’s governance, starvation was common on Indigenous reserves.

Meanwhile, the railway could continue construction without any nations in their way.

Once again, Macdonald’s government horribly mistreated Indigenous people. The railway still occupies what would be Indigenous territory. That land remains stolen. His past actions continue to affect Indigenous communities today.

Chinese head tax

In addition to the harm he inflicted upon Indigenous people, the former prime minister also exploited Chinese immigrants. Chinese railway workers were essential to the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Out of 9,000 labourers, 6,500 of them were from China. These Chinese men were paid about half of what the white men were paid. Additionally, they were given the more dangerous task of handling explosives. Hundreds of these workers died while constructing the railway.

Despite their contribution to the railway, Chinese migrants were not welcome in Canada. Residents of British Columbia were hostile towards them. In response, Macdonald introduced a “head tax” to discourage Chinese immigration. Migrants from China were charged $50 to enter Canada in 1885. This tax was gradually raised to $500. In 1923, Chinese immigration was completely banned.

The immigration ban ended in 1947, but the Canadian government did not apologize for Macdonald’s mistreatment of Chinese immigrants until 2006.

Canada’s first prime minister has a complicated legacy.

For many people, John A. Macdonald is a symbol of racism and violence. His policies hurt and continue to hurt Indigenous people and people of colour. It’s no wonder his statues are continually protested.

At the same time, his accomplishments are an important part of Canadian history. Arguably, there wouldn’t be a Canada without the first prime minister.

Canada has a complicated founding father. We are still debating about how to remember him.

A guide to post-secondary education in Canada

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A guide to post-secondary education in Canada

By Dara Poizner

Posted on January 14, 2021
Study group meeting
If you have immigrated or plan to immigrate to Canada, you may be considering attending a Canadian post-secondary school (i.e., after high school). This article provides a broad overview of important aspects to know about post-secondary school in Canada as well as tips and links you can use to begin your research.

In Canada, the provincial and territorial governments are responsible for education. Post-secondary schools recognized by the government can grant degrees, diplomas, certificates, or other qualifications. Most post-secondary schools have two main study semesters—September to December and January to April—and some also offer some summer courses.

In Canada, universities and colleges are the main types of post-secondary schools. Universities and colleges are distinct from each other. They teach different skill sets and offer different qualifications depending on your learning and professional goals.

Universities

Universities offer academic programs in many subjects, and they often focus on developing students’ research and critical thinking skills. There are three types of degrees you can earn from a Canadian university:

  • A bachelor’s degree is the first degree you receive in university. You can earn a general bachelor’s degree after three years if you study full-time. An honours degree (generally a higher standard of education) takes four years and is usually needed if you want to go to graduate school.
  • A master’s degree is for students who already completed a bachelor’s degree and want to specialize in a certain subject. Depending on the program, you can typically complete it in about one to two years if you study full-time.
  • A doctorate is the most advanced degree and usually requires three or more years of study and research after a master’s degree.

Some universities also have professional programs like medicine, teaching, and law. In addition to classes, people in these programs must take standardized tests and/or do work placements to graduate with a license to work in their field.
Library

Colleges and institutes

There are several types of colleges and institutes formally recognized by the government of Canada. (There are also private career colleges, but note that these programs are not government-regulated.) Graduating from a college program usually prepares students to work in a specific job or field. You can earn different types of qualifications from different college programs.

  • Apprenticeship training is for workers who want to learn how to perform a job or trade, through a combination of classroom and on-the-job learning. Apprenticeships usually take four years to complete.
  • Certificate programs provide short-term training in a specialized subject for people who want to find work right away. They can often be done in a year or less of full-time study.
  • Diploma programs provide more in-depth training than certificates. They often combine classroom and on-the-job learning. If done full-time, they usually take two years.
  • Some colleges have programs for academic upgrading (for students who need to add to or improve their academic credentials to get into a university or college program) and English or French language training.

The province of Quebec has its own distinct system. “Cégep” (a French acronym for Collège d’enseignement général et professionnel), a general and vocational college, is the first level of post-secondary education in Quebec. Cégeps offer government-approved pre-university and technical training programs which can earn students a Diploma of College Studies. Most of these programs are taught in French, but there are a few available in English.

People interested in both university and college learning can look into joint programs. Through these programs, students can earn both a university and a college credential. For example, Brock University and Seneca College in Ontario offer a joint program for students who want to earn a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and a diploma to become a licensed paralegal. If you start in college and want to switch to university (or the other way around), some schools allow credit transfer. Transfers work differently depending on the schools involved.

If you want to gain relevant work experience while you are in school, you can consider co-operative education (known as co-op). Co-op is a study program that includes paid work periods in a job related to your field. It may, however, take longer to complete than a regular university degree or college diploma. Co-operative Education and Work-Integrated Learning Canada has a directory of schools that offer accredited co-op programs.

There are many reasons for people to want to do their schooling at a slower pace, and not everybody studies full-time. If you need more flexibility, plenty of universities and colleges offer part-time and online learning options.
Studying

Finding and applying to programs

If you want to attend a post-secondary school in Canada, do some research about university or college programs that interest you. Here are a few places to start:

  • EduCanada has an online database you can use to search for programs. You can search by field of study, language of study (English or French), type of education, and province or territory of the school.
  • The Universities Canada directory has links to all of its member universities. You may want to attend a university if you are interested in building knowledge, doing research in your area of interest, and/or preparing for a future career.
  • The Colleges & Institutes Canada directory has links to all of its member schools. You may want to attend a college to gain the skills and training needed for a specific job or field.

Every university or college program has its own admission requirements which you must meet to get in. Requirements depend on the specific program, but you usually need to submit your marks from high school and/or from a previous post-secondary program. Certain programs have limited space, and applicants usually have to meet more than the minimum requirements (for example, in very competitive programs, only the applicants with the highest marks are admitted).

International credentials

Credentials refer to a newcomer’s academic education from before they came to Canada. Before attending a Canadian school, credentials usually need to be reviewed to determine whether they are recognized by the school and/or meet school requirements.

The Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials (CICIC) has detailed information about applying to study in Canada with international credentials. Each post-secondary school has its own process for evaluating previous education—some do the evaluation themselves, and some use an outside organization. There are six organizations in Canada that can do an academic credential assessment.

Contact the admissions offices of the schools you want to apply to, so that you can learn about their processes. Settlement.org suggests asking questions like:

  • Will the school do the evaluation, or do I need another organization to do it?
    • If the school does the evaluation, is there a fee?
    • If another organization does the evaluation, which organizations can I use?
  • Which documents do you need (transcripts, diplomas, letters, etc.)?
    • Can I give you the documents myself, or does my former school have to send them to you?
    • Can I submit photocopies of the documents?
    • Do the documents need to be translated into English?

Admissions processes can take several months, so make sure to leave yourself plenty of time to meet the application deadlines.

Programs for trained professionals

Many newcomers to Canada are internationally trained professionals who would like to work in their field and may consider completing a bridging program to become certified to work in Canada. Bridging programs can provide several services, including evaluation of skills, previous education, and workplace experience, language training, and/or exam preparation. Below are links to sites that have information on employment bridging by province:

The CICIC also has information on how to assess your professional qualifications to work in Canada.

Canada InfoNet, a career guidance centre, offers an online program to help approved immigrating professionals, who are arriving in Canada within two to 12 months, build a career anywhere in the country.

Skilled workers can consider joining a professional immigrant network (PIN). These networks help their members find opportunities and prepare to work in Canada. You can search the PINs Directory to find one for your field.

Language requirements

English and French are the two official languages of Canada. When you apply to post-secondary schools, you may need to prove that you can speak either English or French. According to the Government of Canada website, these language tests and certificates are widely accepted:

Ask the schools that you are applying to about which specific test to take. The World Education Services website (WES.org) provides tips to prepare for the IELTS and the CELPIP exams.

Financial support

Students can apply for loans and grants through provincial and territorial student aid offices to help pay for school tuition. The amount of money a student receives is calculated when they apply, and it depends on a few factors, such as their family income, where they live, and whether they have a permanent disability. The Canada Student Loans Program provides financial support to Canadian citizens and permanent residents through grants and loans. You are required to pay back loans over time, but you do not need to pay back grants.

Many post-secondary schools also offer scholarships for students, and you can apply for the ones you are eligible for. Schools usually award different scholarships based on academic performance or financial need.

Making the most of your experience

Post-secondary school can provide you with more than just an education. If you attend a university or college, take the time to explore its services and extracurricular opportunities.

Many schools offer different types of services and benefits for students. This might include access to campus health clinics, free or low-cost gym memberships, and public transit passes, among others. Many local services like restaurants, grocery stores, and retail shops offer discounts to students, too.

Most university and college campuses have clubs and activities you can join. Participating in an extracurricular activity is a chance to explore your interests, meet new people, and have fun. If you are looking for a job you can do while in school, there are often part-time jobs on campus. For example, some students work at a food court or the library. Getting involved outside of class is a great way to learn more about yourself and what you enjoy.

There is a lot to consider if you plan to apply to university or college in Canada as a newcomer. Start by looking around online and talking to people from the schools that interest you so that they can answer your specific questions. There are great programs of all kinds at Canadian schools—with the right research, you can find one that suits you.

Resources and further reading

https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/new-immigrants/new-life-canada/enrol-school/post-secondary.html#toc0

https://canadianimmigrant.ca/careers-and-education/special-guide-on-post-secondary-options-for-newcomers-part-1

https://canadianimmigrant.ca/careers-and-education/your-post-secondary-experience-is-much-more-than-a-credential

https://www.cegepsquebec.ca/en/cegeps/presentation/what-is-a-cegep/

https://www.cicic.ca/1242/an_overview.canada

https://www.ontariocolleges.ca/en/apply/immigrant-applicants

https://settlement.org/ontario/education/#CUI

The benefits of after-school programs

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The benefits of after-school programs

By Delaney Rombough

Posted on January 13, 2021

Kids with books

Kids need a place to go play and hang out with their friends after school hours. High-quality after-school programs provide a wide range of benefits for youth, families, and communities. After-school programs support social, emotional, cognitive, and academic development in a safe and supportive environment for kids. They are a place where youth can improve their social skills by participating in group activities with their peers. Many after-school programs also provide homework help and extra academic support, which may be helpful for kids who struggle to do their homework at home or need extra help in certain subjects.

After-school programs keep youth busy and out of trouble in the after-school hours while parents and guardians are still at work. According to Statistics Canada, youth are most likely to commit crimes between 3:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. because they are often left unsupervised. Supervised after-school programs help keep kids involved with productive activities rather than risky behaviours. These programs also provide a space of safety and nurturing for children that they may not have at home. Experiencing neglect, substance abuse, domestic violence, and parental loss as a child can lead to unhealthy choices later on. Children, especially those who have experienced adversity and trauma at home, can turn to after-school programs to provide opportunities to foster social relationships with their peers and develop social and emotional skills, confidence, and self-esteem.

After-school programs also help children develop social skills. These programs are built on the principles of respect, inclusivity, and engagement. Many children experience loneliness, fear, and anxiety when they are left alone. Some kids even feel this way at school. After-school programs help youth develop strong relationships with their peers and adults. This fosters a sense of security and belonging, knowing that they are cared for. These programs are safe spaces where kids can freely be themselves and meet like-minded peers. Kids develop their social skills by participating in group activities wherein everyone is welcomed and accepted. They gain the confidence to join a game or start a conversation with someone. They are also mentored by caring adults.

According to a study by Carrie Rishel, Esther Sales, and Gary Koeske for the Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, young people show a smaller number of behavioral issues when they form supportive relationships with adults, other than their parents. Staff are around to help youth and encourage them to participate and have fun, while also setting clear rules, boundaries, and expectations. Youth will learn to be kind, respectful, and open-minded because that is what is expected of them.

These programs also promote a healthy, active lifestyle. They often involve physical activity such as playing team sports, and there are also usually healthy snacks provided. Because regular exercise and healthy eating is incorporated into the child’s everyday routine at the after-school program, they are more likely to continue practicing these healthy behaviours in adulthood.
Kids dancing
Many after-school programs offer homework help as one part of the program. However, if children are struggling academically, there are also several private organizations that focus specifically on tutoring, homework help, and academic success. These environments are often quieter and more focused than community centre programs. Tutoring centres provide an individual and unique learning experience. The centres often offer one-on-one sessions, where the teacher and student can work on specific problem areas and subjects. These programs also improve kids’ attitudes towards school and learning. Once kids have a better understanding of the material, they will feel less frustrated and overwhelmed by their school work. This will also improve their confidence and self-esteem. Some of the most popular tutoring and homework help centres are Oxford Learning, Tutoring Academy, and Kumon.

The Ontario government funds after-school programs across the province. Most after-school programs are offered at local community centres or by organizations, such as the YMCA and Boys and Girls Clubs of Canada. There is also often a small fee for participation, and some activities, such as tutoring, can cost more than others. The goal of these programs is to promote physical activity, healthy eating, and health and wellness. Different program centres offer different activities, including but not limited to homework help sessions, sports, cooking, arts and crafts, music, and cultural activities. Often times, kids can choose what they want to do, which promotes individual autonomy. These programs allow young people to try out new activities and roles, which help them develop their self-concept, as well as develop new skills in a fun, safe, supervised environment.

The skills developed in after-school programs such as academic, social, and leadership skills, set up kids for success. Because kids learn these healthy, productive, pro-social behaviours at a young age, these skills are often used throughout their lives.

Learning English as a second language: A how-to guide on ESL programs

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Learning English as a second language: A how-to guide on ESL programs

By Michelle Boon

Posted on January 13, 2021
Working together on a laptop
As a newcomer to Canada, you are eligible for English as a Second Language (ESL) classes. There are many ESL programs available for adults and children. These courses are government-funded and available for free. Learning English through these programs will help you connect with new people, navigate everyday life, and communicate in the workplace.

This article will show you how to access ESL programs and walk you through the different kinds of ESL programs available.

To be eligible for ESL programs, you must be one of the following:

  • A Canadian citizen or a permanent resident
  • A refugee
  • A participant in the Ontario Immigrant Nominee program
  • A participant in the Live-in Caregiver Program

Where to begin:

An online language test

Take an online test to determine your English language skill level. This is an unofficial test with unofficial results. It will help you decide if you need ESL training and will also give you an idea of the types of questions that you can expect to see in a formal language assessment.

Newcomer services

Accessing ESL programs can be overwhelming. Settlement advisors at your local newcomer service centre will assist you through the process. Newcomer services will help you book a language assessment appointment and register for ESL classes. You can also use these services to look for jobs, find a place to live, enrol your children for school, and learn about other community services. The Government of Canada provides a list of free newcomer services available at various locations. You can find a centre near you by entering your location and selecting the types of services that you are looking for.

Language assessment

Before you start your ESL classes, you must complete a language assessment. Language assessments are free to take, and you cannot pass or fail them. The test determines your English skills and helps decide what level of ESL training is best for you.

To get started:

  1. Find a language assessment near you. The Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks website is a great place to find a language assessment centre near you.
  2. Book an appointment online or over the phone.
  3. Bring identification such as a passport or driver’s licence. The identification you need to bring will be different depending on your immigration status.
    • If you are a Canadian citizen, you may be asked to provide:
      • A Canadian passport
      • A certificate of citizenship
    • If you are a permanent resident, you can provide the following:
      • A record of landing
      • A confirmation of permanent residence
      • A permanent residence card
    • As a Convention Refugee or Protected Person, the following documents are acceptable:
      • A letter of Notice of Decision from the Refugee Board of Canada confirming that you are considered a Convention Refugee
      • A letter issued by Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada indicating that your application for protection has been allowed
      • A document confirming your protected persons status
      • A permit to come into or remain in Canada
    • If you recently applied for Permanent Residence, you can provide the following documents:
      • A letter stating that you have been approved in principle and have met the permanent residence eligibility requirements
      • A work or study permit stating that you have received initial approval for your Application for Permanent Residence
    • As a refugee claimant, you can provide:
      • A refugee protection claimant document
    • If you have applied for the Live-In Caregiver program, the following document would be acceptable:
      • A live-in caregiver work permit

What you need to know about the assessment:

  • The test will take up to three hours.
  • You will be tested on reading, writing, speaking, and listening.
  • You will be able to ask the language assessor questions if you are unsure of anything.
  • You will receive your results as soon as you finish the assessment.
  • Some language assessments are currently online due to COVID-19.

What you need to know about your results:

  • You will receive a rating based on the Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB)
    • The Canadian Language Benchmarks describe the English language skills of adult immigrants.
    • All government-funded ESL programs use the Canadian Language Benchmarks. This allows for consistency across different classes, programs, and institutions. If you have to switch ESL programs, you should have no trouble adjusting, as the curriculum is relatively similar.
    • Official language tests, such as the Canadian Language Proficiency English Program (CELPIP) and the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) are also based on CLB. Learning English based on CLB standards will better prepare you for these tests.
  • You will receive a separate rating for the listening, reading, writing, and speaking components.
  • Once you receive your CLB rating, some language assessment centres will refer you to an ESL program.

Types of ESL programs

After you have completed your language assessment, you can find the right ESL program for you. There are many different kinds of ESL programs. They are made for all skill levels and individual goals.

ESL programs are available through many organizations, including:

  • Community information centres
  • Community organizations
  • School boards
  • Public libraries
  • Universities and colleges

Services Near Me is a helpful tool to find ESL programs. You can also use this search engine to find language assessments centres in your area.

This list of free, government-funded programs will help you find the type of ESL classes that are best for you.

English as a Second Language (ESL) for adults

General ESL courses are available to adult permanent residents and refugees. The purpose of ESL is to give adult newcomers essential language training to thrive in Canada. This is a great option for people who want to improve their communication skills for daily life. ESL is also a good way to develop language skills necessary for finding a job, pursuing education, and taking an official language test. ESL programs are extremely flexible. You can enrol in courses throughout the year, and classes are available during the day, evening, weekdays, and weekends. General ESL programs can help you reach personal goals. Take as many or as few classes as you need.
Class meeting

Here are some examples of what you will learn as an ESL student, according to CLB standards:

  • At CLB 1, you learn basic language skills for everyday life, including:
    • How to fill out paperwork
    • How to speak to people in banks, schools, or stores
    • How to read labels, numbers, and signs
  • When you reach CLB 12, you will learn:
    • How to lead meetings
    • How to give complex instructions
    • How to follow a meeting in the workplace
    • How to understand complex media, like government announcements on the news
    • How to write a procedural manual or promotional material
    • How to edit minutes from a meeting

If you are interested in a general ESL program, mention this at your language assessment, or contact your local newcomer service centre for a referral.

Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC)

LINC is a type of ESL program designed specifically for newcomers. This program is very similar to the general ESL program. Both of them offer basic language training for adult permanent residents and refugees. LINC programs are another option to develop essential language skills for finding a job, pursuing education, and preparing for official language tests. Most LINC programs offer classes throughout the year, and courses are available during the day, evening, weekdays, and weekends. Additionally, free childminding services for small children are available at most LINC locations. Because LINC is designed specifically for newcomers to Canada, the classes might cover more lessons on settlement than the general ESL program.

Through this program, you will find out about helpful topics such as:

  • Housing
  • Banking
  • Local services in your area
  • How to get a job

If you are interested in LINC, ask about it at your language assessment centre, or contact your local newcomer service centre for a referral.

ESL and English Literacy Development (ELD) for students:

Newcomer children can access English language support services through their school. To determine the type of language support service your child needs, they need to complete an assessment arranged by the school board. Similar to the language assessment for adults, children are also tested on their speaking, listening, writing, and reading skills in English. Additionally, they are also tested on their mathematics skills.

There are two main types of English language support services available for elementary and high school students: ESL and ELD.

ESL is available to elementary and high school students in kindergarten to grade 12. This program offers language instruction and support during the school day. This program is for children who have developed an age-appropriate level of literacy skills in their native language.

ELD helps students who have had limited opportunity to develop literacy and language skills in their native language. This program is available for students in grades 3 to 12. Through this program, students develop literacy skills while also learning English.

ESL and ELD programs offer support in the following ways:

  • Separate classes with other newcomer students specifically designed for English language development
  • One-on-one language support from a tutor
  • Core courses such as math, science, history, and geography taught by a qualified ESL teacher
  • Support from a classroom teacher or ESL teacher for students integrating into regular classes

Additionally, ESL and ELD students are eligible for modifications and accommodations. If the student has trouble completing tasks due to language difficulties, their teacher can modify task expectations or provide additional resources. Accommodations will vary depending on the student and situation. Types of accommodation include:

  • Adjusting expectations for an assignment
  • Providing more time to complete a test
  • Using extensive visual cues during lessons

Note that high school level ESL and ELD courses count towards the student’s high school diploma.

Ask about ESL and ELD when you enrol your children in school.

Enhanced Language Training (ELT):

ELT provides language training for tradespeople with an advanced level of English skills. Most ELT programs require a CLB level of 6 to 10. Like the general ESL program, you will develop essential language skills, but you will also develop professional language skills. If you have professional qualifications from your home country, ELT will help you strengthen your language skills to engage in networking and mentorship opportunities once you start working.

The ESL program offered by the Toronto District School Board for adult newcomers is a great example of what an ELT program looks like:

  • It offers language training for the following jobs:
    • Accounting
    • Administration
    • Customer service
    • Engineering
    • Financial services
    • Health and wellness
    • Information technology
    • Sales and marketing
  • It is a 14-week full-time program consisting of eight weeks in class (currently conducted online due to COVID-19) and six weeks in a work placement.
  • They also provide 12 weeks of job support, where a mentor will help you search for jobs and prepare you for job interviews.
  • The program requires you to have:
    • A CLB 6 or higher
    • A resumé
    • A language assessment

Occupation Specific Language Training (OSLT):

OSLT is another option for newcomers with professional qualifications from their home country. Similar to ELT, you will learn how to communicate in the workplace and receive instruction on how to search for jobs and succeed in job interviews. Most OSLT programs require a CLB level of 5 to 8. The biggest difference between ELT and OSLT is that OSLT programs are only available through Ontario colleges.

OSLT offers language training in the following sectors:

  • Sales and marketing
  • Project management
  • Health care
  • Technology

Through this program, you will learn:

  • How to communicate through email
  • How to communicate over the phone
  • How to interview for jobs
  • How to network and make connections
  • All about the Canadian workplace culture

If you are interested in an OSLT program, contact one of the following colleges:

  • Centennial College (Toronto)
  • Collège Boréal (Toronto)
  • George Brown College (Toronto)
  • Humber College (Toronto)
  • Seneca College (Toronto)
  • Algonquin College (Ottawa)
  • La Cité Collégiale (Ottawa)
  • Conestoga College (Ottawa)
  • Fanshawe College (Guelph)
  • Georgian College (Barrie)
  • Mohawk College (Hamilton)
  • Niagara College (Niagara)

Specialized classes:

As you advance your English skills and achieve higher CLB levels, you can take special courses to reach personal goals. These courses allow you to practise English that you’ve learned in other ESL courses while learning a specific skill, such as typing or academic writing. Unlike ELT and OSLT, for most specialized classes, you do not need previous professional training. In fact, specialized courses are an excellent opportunity to gain skills for the workplace.

For example, the Toronto District School Board offers specialized courses in the following subjects:

  • Academic Writing (CLB Levels 7 to 9)
  • Business Writing (CLB Levels 6 to 8)
  • Keyboarding and Computers (CLB Levels 4 to 8)
  • Conversation and Pronunciation
  • Medical Terminology

If any of these are of interest, ask your local organization about the options they offer.

Conversation groups:

As you learn English, conversation groups are a great resource to practise speaking and listening outside of class. Here are some ways to find conversation groups for adult ESL learners.
Walking together outside

Meetup

Meetup is a website that you can use to look for in-person and online events and gatherings. This is a useful search tool to find conversation events to practise English. Fill in your location and type in “ESL” or “practise English” in the search bar to locate an event near you. Due to COVID-19, most conversation events are currently held online. These events are often free and a great opportunity to demonstrate your English skills in a relaxed setting. There’s usually no formal agenda or curriculum; it’s just a casual conversation amongst English speakers and other ESL learners.

Check your local library

Many local libraries host free conversation groups as well. They are currently running conversation events online. Accessing conversation groups at your local library is an excellent way to meet other newcomers in your community. Like gatherings listed on Meetup, conversation circles at your local library are relaxed and informal. They offer another opportunity to practise and gain confidence while speaking.

Contact your local library to find out if they have any upcoming ESL conversation events.

Learning English can be difficult, but with the right resources, everyone can succeed.

Winter Mental Health

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Winter Mental Health

By Dara Poizner

Posted on January 13, 2021
Canadian Winter Scene

Will Winter really affect my mood?

Some people who come to Canada from countries with warmer, sunnier climates may notice that the general mood gets worse when the weather gets colder. It is important to prepare for the weather in Canada and how it might affect your feelings, and to learn about the methods of managing those feelings. In this article, you will learn a bit about the weather, how it can change your mood, and tips for dealing with that change.

The weather in Canada

The Canadian climate is different across the country—most parts of Canada have four seasons, each with different weather. Spring and fall usually have milder temperatures, ranging from about 5 to 15 degrees Celsius: the weather warms during spring before summer and gets colder during fall before winter. Summers are hot in central Canada and warm on the west and east coasts. Canada is known around the world for having very cold winters. Winter weather in Canada includes snow, ice, and cold winds. On the west coast, winter is usually rainy and not as cold.
Canadian Winter Scene

Winter in Canada is beautiful, and we can enjoy fun activities in the cold, snowy weather. Lots of people love spending time outdoors playing winter sports like hockey, or going ice skating, skiing, and snowshoeing. There are also winter celebration festivals in many Canadian cities, including Winterlude (Ottawa), Carnaval de Quebec (Quebec City, Que.), and Jasper in January (Jasper, Alta.). Winter can also be a great time of year to enjoy cozy indoor activities like cooking and baking, reading, watching movies, and playing board games. Even though there are great things about the Canadian winter, it is still a hard time of year for many people.

How can the cold change your mood?

As the days get shorter and the weather gets colder, many people notice changes in their mood. According to the American medical centre Mayo Clinic:

  • Without enough sun, the brain might make less serotonin, a neurotransmitter (brain chemical) that improves mood.
  • When it is dark out, the brain might make more of the hormone melatonin, which makes you feel more tired.

This means that our brains may be unable to maintain the mood and level of energy we had in the spring and summer.

There are other reasons people might also feel sadder or have less energy in the winter:

  • Very cold temperatures, short and dark days, or lots of rain can be unpleasant, which can lead to negative emotions.
  • People feel lonelier in the winter because colder weather often means spending more time at home.

Canadian winters can be long, lasting about five months (usually November to March), and lots of people feel more depressed, tired, or irritable during this time. For many of us, it is normal to have a worse mood in the winter—but there are things we can do to improve it.

Ways to improve your mood in the winter

For people whose mental wellness is affected by the winter weather, small changes can make a positive difference. These techniques may not get rid of feelings of sadness or tiredness, but they often help us improve our mood and handle our stress. Always talk to a doctor if you are concerned with how winter affects you.

For people looking for overall mental health support and resources, Wellness Together Canada is a free online service from the Government of Canada.

Light exposure

The cause for mood changes in the winter is still unknown, but researchers think it is due to lack of sunlight. People spend less time outside in the winter, and there is less daylight overall. Mayo Clinic suggests making your indoor space brighter by opening the blinds, sitting near a bright window, and removing objects that block sunlight. If you don’t have a bright area in your home or office, you can try light therapy: use a light box, an extremely bright indoor light, instead of natural sunlight. There is not a lot of research on light therapy yet, but current research suggests that it is effective at reducing symptoms of depression in the winter. There are a few possible side effects of light therapy, such as nausea and headaches. Be sure to choose a safe product and follow all directions. Talk to a doctor before you try light therapy.

Outdoor time

Ice skating
Even when it’s cold and cloudy, it is good to spend some time outside. Getting sunlight and fresh air is helpful for improving mood, especially if you go out early in the day. One easy way to achieve this is by walking regularly.

There are also lots of winter sports and snow activities that can help Canadians enjoy the winter season outdoors. Speaking to Canadian Immigrant, Carlos Castano (originally from Colombia) said that skating and tobogganing improved his mood in the winter. Many cities and towns have outdoor skating rinks, and parks where people can toboggan or play in the snow. There may even be a trail nearby for winter hikes.

When going outdoors in the winter, it is important to dress warmly. Temperatures are often very cold, and the wind makes it feel colder. This article from Arrive has detailed advice for planning winter clothing, including these tips:

  • Choose a heavy winter coat that fits well and has a hood.
  • Choose winter boots that are warm, waterproof, and have a good grip on the bottom so you don’t slip when the ground is icy.
  • Wearing two or three layers of clothing under your winter coat will keep the heat close to your body.
  • Wear warm gloves, socks, a hat, and a scarf.

Taking care of your body

Being physically active helps people lower stress and boost their mood, so try to find a way to exercise regularly in the winter. Local gyms or recreation centres are good places to exercise and play indoor sports (note: during COVID-19 when this was written, it is not possible to go to gyms in many areas). Lots of people exercise at home too—many free workouts of all kinds are available online.

Eating a balanced, healthy diet also affects our mood in the winter (and all year!). According to the American medical centre Cleveland Clinic, research shows that certain foods can have an impact on neurotransmitters, the brain chemicals that affect your mood. Taking care of your immune system, stomach, and heart health by eating well will help you feel better overall. Cleveland Clinic suggests foods such as:

  • Fruits and vegetables that are high in vitamins and minerals (e.g. oranges, broccoli, peppers) and especially dark leafy green vegetables (e.g. spinach)
  • Yogurt
  • Carbohydrates that are high in fibre (e.g. whole grain bread, brown rice, oats)
  • Proteins that are low in fat (e.g. lean beef, fish, beans, eggs)

In this Time magazine article, doctors Kelly Rohan and Norman Rosenthal said that sleeping well is also very important for our mood in the winter. It is helpful to keep a regular sleep schedule during winter, so talk to a doctor if you are having trouble sleeping.

Managing stress

There are other simple things we can do to help lower stress, which is an important part of improving our mood and overall health. Some people use mind-body techniques to relax, like mindfulness, a type of meditation which KidsHealth.org describes as “paying full attention to something,” “taking your time,” and “focusing in a relaxed, easy way.” According to Mayo Clinic, most research on meditation suggests that it is effective in helping people who are struggling with stress, anxiety, and depression, and that it can improve sleep and focus.

Practicing mindfulness and meditation regularly can help us feel calmer. These simple exercises and resources are a good place to start:

If we spend more time at home when the weather is cold, we may feel lonely, which can cause stress and sadness. Connecting with people who can support us in hard times or just make us feel happier is helpful for lowering stress and improving mood. Get together to do an activity with people you like being around (note: during COVID-19 when this was written, gathering with people outside of your household may not be an option). You can also stay connected with loved ones online or over the phone, and watch movies, play games, or enjoy a hot drink together digitally.

Getting professional help

Some people experience seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that is caused by weather changes. It is not unusual for our mood to change in the winter, but depression can make it much harder to do everyday things. HealthLink BC says that signs of winter depression can include feeling sad or anxious, having very low energy and a higher appetite (especially for carbohydrates), and losing interest in activities you usually enjoy. SAD usually occurs where there is less sunlight, but it doesn’t only affect people in Canada. It is more common than we might expect.

Mental health is an important part of our overall wellness. Many people take care of their mental health with the help of a doctor or therapist. If you are struggling, talk to your doctor, or go to a walk-in clinic. A healthcare professional can help create a treatment plan.

If you are dealing with a low mood or even seasonal depression, it is important to know that you are not alone. With small changes and the right support, it can get easier.

Read about seasonal affective disorder

https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/seasonal-affective-disorder

https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/guides-and-publications/depression-guide-en.pdf?la=en&hash=23FF02308C6E233057207E27F3EBF9AB86B84086

https://canadianimmigrant.ca/settlement/weather/beating-the-winter-blues-as-the-cold-weather-sets-in

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9293-seasonal-depression/management-and-treatment

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20364651

Tips for acing your language proficiency test

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Tips for acing your language proficiency test

By Maria Montemayor

Posted on January 13, 2021

Woman Studying

If you are thinking of becoming an international student, skilled worker, permanent resident, or citizen of Canada, you are probably aware that achieving a high score on an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) test or a Canadian English Language Proficiency Index Program (CELPIP) test is vital.

IELTS and CELPIP Language Tests

The IELTS Academic test is for individuals applying for higher education or professional registration in Canada. It focuses on academic language proficiency and assesses an individual’s readiness to study and train in English.

The IELTS General Training test is for individuals going to Canada to complete a secondary school education, gain work experience, or participate in training programs. It focuses on the use of the English language in social and workplace contexts.

The CELPIP – General test is a three-hour test for individuals applying for permanent residency and obtaining professional designations in Canada.

The CELPIP – LS test is a one-hour test for Canadian citizenship applications and professional designations.

The IELTS and CELPIP language tests contain four components or sections: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Let’s take a look at them and see how you can prepare for each.

Listening

IELTS Exam

Structure: The listening section of the IELTS exam takes around 30 minutes to complete. During this part of the exam, test takers listen to four recordings in English and answer a total of 40 questions.

The 40 questions include:

  • Multiple choice: you have to select the correct answer from a choice of three possible answers (A, B, or C). *Sometimes test takers are given a longer list of choices and have to choose more than one answer.
  • Matching: you have to match two sets of information.
  • Plan, map, and diagram labelling: you are asked to add labels on a plan (e.g. a building), a map (e.g. a part of a city), or a diagram (e.g. appliance).
  • Form, note, table, flow-chart, and summary completion: you are given an outline based on audio clip, and you have to fill in the gaps. The outline may be a form, set of notes, table (which involves summarizing information into clear categories), or a flow-chart (which entails synthesizing a process).

The first and third recordings are of conversations (between two-to-four people), and the second and fourth recordings are of monologues (e.g. speeches or college lectures). You will only have one chance to listen to the recordings. These recordings feature different accents of English speakers, including British, Canadian, American, New Zealand, and Australian accents.

Goal for IELTS listening: Pay attention to the spoken content and select, write, or type the correct answers. You will be penalized for poor grammar or spelling and for writing more than the specified number of words.

CELPIP Exam

Structure: The CELPIP listening component takes between 47 to 55 minutes to complete. There are six parts to the listening component: listening to problem solving, listening to a daily life conversation, listening for information, listening to a news item, listening to a discussion, and listening to viewpoints.

Goal for CELPIP listening: Listen carefully and select the correct answers for the multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions.

How to get a good score in the listening section

1. Use available practice tests

For any test available, whether it’s a driver’s written test or a language test, it is best to use all of the available resources to become comfortable with the format of the exam.

The IELTS exam has free sample test questions available online for all of the test sections. To make the listening section more interesting and interactive, you can ask friends or family members to read and act out the transcripts instead of using the recordings. They can even try reading the text in different English accents, such as Australian, American, or New Zealand accents.

The CELPIP has a free online practice listening test that should only take 30 to 50 minutes to complete.

There are answer keys available for all of the listening tests.

Sample listening test: https://ielts-up.com/listening/ielts-listening-sample-6.1.html

2. Take notes during the test!

Whether you are taking a test with a computer or paper and a pencil, you should take notes. Unless you can quickly memorize exactly what a person says to you, it is easy to forget small details included in a recording (especially when multiple people are speaking), and you may miss important information.

Bring a couple of pencils to jot down information, notes, and details on the extra paper offered during the IELTS and CELPIP tests. The listening section will be more difficult if you try to memorize everything you hear. Try to complete the practice tests with and without taking notes, and you’ll notice the difference. You will also be more confident in your answers if you have the notes to back them up.

3. Listen to podcasts and watch TV shows and movies in English with closed captioning

Preparing for a listening test does not need to be boring or stressful. You can also listen to English podcasts and watch English TV shows and movies that interest you. For example, if you like watching action movies, you can watch your favourite action movie with closed captions (for example, Rush Hour). Closed captions are helpful because they indicate how spoken English words are spelled. For more information and resources read this guide on learning english through entertainment.

With podcasts, it is beneficial to listen and try to understand the topics being discussed. Write down any important points. What is the interviewer’s perspective? How does the interviewee feel? What do the speakers agree or disagree on? Try to summarize the podcast episode in a few short sentences.

You can also practise writing the details of conversations or monologues featured in your preferred TV shows and movies. If you decide to watch a popular movie, there may be study guide questions for it online. Try to answer them based off of your notes and your memory of the movie.

Get a notebook to jot down all of your notes. Write any words you are unfamiliar with, so that you can later look up the definition or translate them.

Reading

Structure: The reading section for the IELTS takes around 60 minutes to complete. The reading section of the IELTS General Training test has passages from books, magazines, guidelines, etc. The IELTS Academic test’s reading section, on the other hand, has three long academic texts; they are typically analytical, descriptive, and factual.

There are 40 questions included in the reading section. The questions are multiple choice, true or false or not given, yes or no or not given, match the heading to the correct paragraph or section, and fill-in-the-blank questions.

The CELPIP reading component takes between 55 to 60 minutes to complete. There are four parts to the reading component: reading letters, reading to build a diagram, reading for information, and reading to understand viewpoints.

Goal for IELTS and CELPIP reading: Read information carefully to select, write, or type the correct answers.

How to get a good score in the reading section

1. Find available and relevant reading test resources

Again, the IELTS has free sample questions of their reading test available on their website. The CELPIP offers a free webinar for test-takers to help them prepare for the reading component.

You can also find unofficial IELTS and CELPIP reading practice tests online with a Google search. The good thing about the online tests is that they have answer keys. Some of them also have explanations for the answers.

Sample reading test: https://ielts-up.com/reading/academic-reading-sample-1.1.html

2. Highlight, underline, and jot down important parts of the text

When you use the practice tests, pretend that you are taking the real one. Give yourself a time-limit and keep scrap pieces of paper to jot notes. If you are taking a computer-based test, you can practise highlighting relevant text with your mouse and copying that information onto your scrap pieces of paper. If you are taking a paper-based IELTS test, you can practise underlining relevant text with your pencil on your question sheets.

3. Use process of elimination

The facts and information are all provided to you in the text. Your task is to select, type, or write in the correct answers. A quick and effective way of selecting an answer from a list of options is to use the process of elimination. You can first remove all of the answers that don’t correspond with the text provided. Then, choose the remaining and most likely answer.

Some of the answers may be quick and easy to locate within the text, while others may not be so straightforward, so you may have to spend more time verifying that your selections are correct.

In order to do well with the reading questions, you’ll need to have solid reading comprehension skills to thoroughly understand what you read and the ability to discern what is expressed in a text.

If you find that there are words in the practice tests that you don’t understand, write them down in your notebook. Once you complete the practice tests, you can look up the meaning of those words and practise using them in sentences.
Dictionary page

Writing

Structure: The IELTS and CELPIP are composed of two writing tasks, which take 53 to 60 minutes to complete.

As part of the first IELTS task, test-takers must write a letter, if they’re taking the General Training test. If they’re taking the Academic test, they will be asked describe, summarize, or explain a diagram. They have to write at least 150 words within 20 minutes. For the second task, test-takers must write at least 250 words on a given topic within 40 minutes. They will be penalized if the answers are too short, the response is off-topic, the sentences are in bullet points, or there is plagiarism.

In the CELPIP exam, on the other hand, test-takers start by writing an email that is between 150 to 200 words within 27 minutes. For their second task, test-takers complete a survey question and choose between two writing options. Then, they must write between 150 to 200 words on their chosen option within 26 minutes.

Goal for IELTS and CELPIP writing: Write understandable and complex sentences that highlight relevant points.

How to get a good score in the writing section

1. Practise writing 200-word letters and emails and 250-word summaries on news topics

Unlike the listening and reading practise questions, there are no answer keys available for the writing practice tasks available online. There may be sample answers available—which would be useful to review— but ultimately, the scoring is up to the examiners.

On your own, you can practise writing letters, emails, and summaries based on topics you read on the news. You can also attempt the online IELTS and CELPIP practice writing tasks.

Sample writing test: https://ielts-up.com/writing/general-writing-sample-1.html

2. Have a skilled writer or editor evaluate your answers

In addition to writing letters, emails, and summaries and attempting the practice writing tasks, you can ask a skilled writer, editor, English teacher, or English tutor look at your responses, correct your grammar and spelling mistakes, and give you feedback on how to improve and strengthen your writing. Once you have read their feedback, you can apply it to other practice writing tasks, and then ask them to evaluate those tests as well.

Try to find a person who has the skills, qualifications, and willingness to help you. It could be a friend, a relative, or even an acquaintance.

Speaking

Structure: The speaking section takes the shortest amount of time to complete for both the IELTS and the CELPIP exams. It takes about 11 to 14 minutes to finish for the IELTS and about 15 to 20 minutes for the CELPIP.

Goal for IELTS and CELPIP speaking: Answer the questions clearly and speak on various topics with fluency and ease.

How to get a good score in the speaking section

1. Sound confident

The more confident and comfortable you sound when you speak in English, the better your speaking score will be. If you sound uncertain or hesitate when you speak, the examiner will notice it. Your English-speaking skills do not have to be perfect, but you should be able to show the examiner that you can form logical sentences consistently.

2. Practise answering questions in front of other people

Before you start answering the various practise questions, you can tell your listener (whether they are friends, family members, tutors, or teachers) to correct you and make note of strengths and weaknesses. Ask them to provide feedback on the flow and coherence of your sentences, the use of filler words, and the variety of your vocabulary. You should also be open to learning about grammatical and pronunciation corrections.

You can record your answers, and when you listen back to the recordings, you can identify moments when you paused for too long, when you started to ramble or stumbled on your words, as well as moments when you appeared either composed or confused.

Sample speaking test: https://www.ieltsbuddy.com/speaking-test-for-ielts.html

Now that you have these tips, you can start preparing for your upcoming IELTS or CELPIP test!

Resources

Free IELTS practice materials:

Free CELPIP practice materials: